Midterm

Is the process by which humans acquire values and beliefs. Shaped by our cultures and change with place and time. In general, most people in our own society have the same values and beliefs. When people try to change those values and beliefs they will often encounter serious resistance.

A term that has been thoroughly debated by Greek philosophers and the generations of philosophers that followed, but it is generally referred to as “a good proper to, and attainable only by, the community, yet individually shared by its members.” In other words, it is the undertaking of big projects that society needs that no individual can undertake but all individuals can benefit from.

Roads, public schools, public parks

The process that helps to verify academic work and provides a process that can deem research creditable and elevate it so that others in the field can benefit from continued education and acquire new knowledge and understanding throughout their careers.

The practice of making observable and factual investigations.

The practice of engaging in ethics and value judgments.

Study the institutions of government, the rules, the constitutions, the laws, and practices to learn about that government.

Study the people and groups inside of the institutions to gain institutional knowledge.

Is a relationship in which changes in one variable appear when there are changes in another variable.

One variable absolutely causes or creates the other.

Errors based on misunderstanding and faulty communications; errors related to our inexact use of language.

Errors related to the flaws of human nature; errors caused by the human tendency to be quick to judge and to be superficial in our assessments.

Errors caused by our inability to see beyond our own particular surroundings; errors related to our nearsightedness and proclivity for viewing our particular way of life as the standard for judging all others.

Errors based on our beliefs in dogmatic teachings; errors caused by believing in systems of though characterized by inflexibility and closed off to questioning and critical analysis.

An ability to influence an event or outcome that allows the agent to achieve an objective and/or to influence another agent to act in a manner in which the second agent, on its own, would not choose to act. In other words, an ability to affect something else.

• Inactive • Reserved *Example: Mutually assured destruction

*Active *Deployed *Example: Executive Order (9981) ordering the integration of the U.S military

The will or choice to do something.

The exercise of power by physical means.

Nonphysical power in which the agent using power makes its use of power clear and known to the agent over whom power is exercised. *Lobbying *Speech making *Information Campaigns *Artistic Depiction

Is a nonphysical power in which the agent using power conceals the use of power. *If done effectively the second agent will not even know it happened. *“If you are persuaded, you feel it; if you are manipulated, you do not feel it because you do not know anything has happened.”

The use of power through incentives. *Log-Rolling: Votes are exchanged as a means of pursuing desired objective and altering the behavior of others. *Quid Pro Quo - Latin for “This for That”

An organization that has a number of political functions and tasks, including providing security, extracting revenues, and forming rules for resolving disputes and allocating resources within the boundaries of the territory in which it exercises jurisdiction.