carbohydrates
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what are carbs made from?
carbon , hydrogen , oxygen
what is a monomer + examples?
monomer = smaller units used to make larger molecules e.g. monosaccharides, nucleotides, amino acids
what is a polymer + examples?
polymer = made from lots of monomers bonded together e.g. polypeptides, DNA, polysaccharides
monosaccharides
glucose fructose galactose
what is an isomer?
molecules with same molecular formula but with different structures
difference between alpha and beta glucose
on carbon 1 of alpha glucose, H is on top and OH is on bottom, whereas beta glucose has OH at top but H at bottom
glucose function
energy source via respiration
fructose function
attracts insects as nectar
galactose function
found in milk
disaccharides
maltose sucrose lactose
how are disaccharides formed?
via the condensation reaction of two monosaccharides, joined by a glycosidic bond
how is maltose made
glucose + glucose
how is sucrose made
glucose + fructose
how is lactose made
glucose + galactose
what are polysaccharides?
created by condensation reactions between many monomers, bonded by glycosidic bonds
examples of polysaccharides
cellulose starch glycogen
starch
• alpha glucose monomers • two components = amylose + amylopectin • amylose = straight, long, helix due to hydrogen bonds • amylopectin = branched (1-4 & 1-6 bonds), long • found in animals
properties of starch
insoluble (large) easy to hydrolyse (large SA) good for storage (compact)
cellulose
• beta glucose monomers • long, straight structure • arranged in layers due to hydrogen bonds between layers • each b glucose consecutively flipped 180 degrees • structural strength • found in animals • layers form microfibrils then fibrils
glycogen
• long, branched structure (1-4 and 1-6 bonds) • alpha glucose monomers • found in animals • insoluble • easily hydrolysis
why is cellulose monomers flipped
to allow the OH groups to line up, forming 1-4 glycosidic bonds