Alkanes

-device fitted in a car -reduces amount of emissions from an internal combustion engine -uses expensive metals like platinum and rhodium as the heterogeneous catalyst -catalyst is mounted on a ceramic honeycomb to maximise the surface area

-type of cracking that takes place at: -a slight pressure -high temperature -in the presence of a zeolite catalyst -used mainly to produce motor fuels and aromatic hydrocarbons

A process which involves breaking C-C bonds in alkanes to produce shorter chained alkanes and alkenes.

-type of cracking that takes place at a high pressure and high temperature -produces a high percentage of alkenes

saturated: all the carbon-carbon bonds are single C-C bonds unsaturated: have at least one double carbon bond (C=C)

Catalytic: -uses zeolite catalyst, so faster rate contributes to it being cheaper -high temperature (around 450 degrees), but lower than thermal so cheaper -low pressure, so cheaper (not as high as thermal) -produces alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons Thermal: -high pressure (up to 7000kPa) -produces mainly alkenes, which can be used to make polymers -also produces some alkanes -very high temperature (500-950 degrees)

-heat crude oil to a gas -put gas in fractionating column, which has a temperature gradient – warmer at the bottom; cooler at the top -the gases rise up the column, cool and condense at their boiling points -the smaller the molecules are, the lower their boiling point, due to weaker Van der Waals forces between the molecules, so less energy is needed to separate them -smaller molecules condense near the top of the column, where it is cooler -the liquids are removed from the column as different fractions -the smallest fractions are taken off at the top of the column as gases -most of the shorter chains are used as fuels -the longer chains are used as oil

Shorter chain alkanes (refinery gases) Petrol (used for cars) Naphtha (used in cleaning products) Kerosene (jet fuel) Diesel (diesel engines) Fuel oil (fuel for ships/factories) Bitumen (contains paraffin wax and some other substances) Viscosity increases down the column Flammability decreases down the column Size of molecules increases down the column Boiling points increases down the column

(On combustion) SO2 produced Allow equation to produce SO2. Ignore sulfur oxides. Which causes acid rain If formula shown it must be correct M2 is dependent on M1. But if M1 is sulfur oxides, allow M2. For M2 allow consequence of acid rain or SO2. Ignore greenhouse effect and toxic

polypropene / propan(-1 or 2-)ol / propane(-1,2-)diol / isopropanol / propanone / propanal Accept alternative names Ignore plastic and polymer

M1 Nitrogen and oxygen (from air) react / combine / allow a correct equation If nitrogen from petrol / paraffin / impurities CE = 0 / 2. M2 at high temperatures Allow temperatures above 1000 °C or spark. Not just heat or hot. M2 dependent on M1. But allow 1 mark for nitrogen and oxygen together at high temperatures.

2NO + O2 2NO2 Allow multiples.

4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 —> 4HNO3

Larger molecule / longer carbon chain / more electrons / larger surface area More / stronger van der Waals’ forces between molecules Allow dispersion forces / London forces / temporary induced dipole-dipole forces between molecules. If breaking bonds, CE = 0 / 2.

Cl2

(Different) boiling points Ignore mp’s, references to imf, different volatilities

C13H28 Making plastics/used to make polymers or polythene/used to make antifreeze/make ethanol/ripening fruit/any named additional polymer not used as a plastic/polymer/antifreeze not just ‘polymers’ – we need to see that they are being made

Thermal (cracking) If not thermal cracking CE = 0 / 2 High pressure AND high temperature If blank mark on Allow high P and T OR Pressure of ≥ 10 atm, ≥ 1 MPa ≥ 1000 kPa AND temp of 400 °C ≤ T ≤ 1000 °C or 650 K ≤ T≤ 1300 K Do not allow high heat If no units for T, then range must be 650 − 1000

(1) Fractions or hydrocarbons or compounds have different boiling points/ separation depends on bp; Ignore mp and vdw (2) bp depends on size/ Mr/ chain length; If refer to bond breaking/cracking/ blast furnace/oxygen/air 2 max (3) Temp gradient in tower or column / cooler at top of column or vice versa; QWC (4) Higher bp / larger or heavier molecules at bottom (of column) or vice versa; Not increasing size of fraction Not gases at top

Large molecules or compounds or long chain hydrocarbons (broken) into smaller molecules or compounds or smaller chain hydrocarbons; QWC Zeolite or aluminosilicate (catalyst); C14H30 →C8H18 +C6H12; Smaller chain molecules are in more demand or have higher value or vice versa;

C8H18 +81⁄2O2 →8CO+9H2O; Allow multiples Rh/ Pd/Pt/lr or in words; Penalise contradiction of name and symbol 2CO+2NO→2CO2 +N2 / 2CO+O2 →2CO2; Allow multiples Greenhouse gas/ absorbs infrared radiation;

car less powerful/ car stops/ reduced performance/ won’t run smoothly/ can’t accelerate; Not incomplete combustion or bad effect on engine. Not doesn’t go as far. Test it (before sale) /Quality control etc;

Crude oil is heated to vaporise it / oil vaporised (1) (Vapour passed into fractionating) tower / column (1) Top of tower cooler than bottom or negative temperature gradient (1) fractions separated by b.p OR condensed at different temperatures OR levels OR low boiling fractions at the top OR at the top small molecules or light components (1)

Motor fuels Aromatic hydrocarbons Branched alkanes / hydrocarbons Cycloalkanes Any two (2) Ignore specific fractions, alkanes, shorter alkanes, penalise alkenes, and hydrogen