Vocab 41-54 (Ecology and Electricity)
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the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves
Replacement level fertility
6.8 billion and 310 million
World Population and U.S population
(demographic transition) birth and death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high
Preindustrial stage
(demographic transition) death rates lower, better healthcare, population grows fast
Transitional stage
(demographic transition) decline in birth rate, population growth slows
Industrial state
(demographic transition) low birth and death rates
Postindustrial stage
broad base = rapid growth; narrow base = negative growth; uniform shape = zero growth; Major Age Chohorts –> pre-reproductives, reproductives, post-reproductives
Age Structure Diagrams
China and India
1st and 2nd most populated countries
low status of women
Most important thing affecting population growth
family planning, contraception, economic rewards, and penalties
Ways to decrease birth rate
harmful environment side effects that are non reflected in a product’s price
True/External costs
using waste heat to make electricity
Cogeneration
heat –> steam –> turns turbine –> generates electricity –> generator –> energy
Electricity generated by fossil fuels, biomass, or nuclear power
stored water turns turbine –> turbine to generator –> energy
Hydroeleletric power