Biomolecules
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nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. Bases of DNA
DNA
• gives organism characteristics • deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA
riboneucleic acid
amino acid
peptide of amino group, carboxyl group and R group
protein
• groups of amino acids • have codes to direct cells destination & function
peptide bond
join amino acids between the carboxyl group of an amino acid and the amino group of another amino
monosaccharide
• simple sugar: one sugar molecule • glucose
disaccharide
simple sugar: two sugar molecules
polysaccharide
• chains of monosaccharides (many polymers) • cellulose
what are two characteristics of carbon that make it such a valuable element in living organisms?
• has high bonding capacity (needs 4 electrons) • forms both single and double covalent bonds with other atoms
What are functional groups and how are they important in biological organism?
• a group of atoms that participate directly in a chemical reaction • give a molecule certain characteristics
What is a monosaccharide used for in a living organism ?
• one sugar molecule • is a monomer: building block for larger molecules (polymers)
What is a polysaccharide used for in a living organism?
• many polymers 1) forms the cell wall as if plant cells 2) energy storage (starch/plants & glycogen/animals)
Give examples of monosaccharides
one sugar molecule 6 C’s + 1 OH- = glucose
Give examples of disaccharides
glucose + fructose= sucrose
Give examples of polysaccharides
starch : plants glycogen : animals
Draw basic structure of a glyceride and triglyceride
• Glycerol “head” • Fatty Acid “tail” (carbon binding spots filled with hydrogen) • Triglycerides have 3 fatty acid tails
What is the difference between saturated fat and unsaturated fat?
in unsaturated fats carbon binding spots are not filled with hydrogen and are liquid at room temperature
What is trans fat?
artificially hydrogenating an unsaturated fat to be solid at room temperature
What is a steroid? Give examples of steroid molecules
• type of lipid • four carbon ring “skeleton” (side chains make each steroid unique) • all NON-POLAR = hydrophobic ex: cortisol (any other is derived from cholesterol)
What is the general structure of an amino acid ?
Amino Group + R group + Carboxyl Group
What two functional groups do amino acids always contain?
Amino group and Carboxyl group
what is a bond between two amino acids called?
Polypeptide
What two function groups come together to form Polypeptides ?
• chains of aminos acids • amino group and carboxyl group