CH41

• Chemical energy for synthesizing ATP • Carbon-containing compounds and minerals for building complex macromolecules

The act of brining food into the digestive tract

In animals, a series of connected chambers & tubes where digestion occurs - Aka alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

The mechanical & chemical breakdown of food into molecules that can be absorbed into the body of an animal

In animals, the uptake of ions & small molecules, derived from food, across the lining of the digestive tract (epithelium)

The removal of wastes from an animal’s digestive tract

Any substance that an organism requires for normal growth, maintenance, or reproduction

Any nutrient-containing material that can be consumed & digested by animals

Kilocalories

They are rich in C-H bonds

Nutrients that cannot be synthesized & must be obtained from the diet

• Essential amino acids • Essential fatty acids • Vitamins • Minerals

Any amino acid that an animal cannot synthesize & must obtain from the diet. - Isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, & valine

Any fatty acid that an animal cannot synthesize & must obtain from the diet - linolenic acid & linoleum acid

Organic, or carbon-containing, micronutrients that are vital for health but are required in only minute amounts & also usually function as coenzymes in critical reactions

Various inorganic substances that are important components of enzyme cofactors or structural materials in an organism - Includes ions of electrolytes, which influence osmotic balance & are required for normal membrane function

Sodium, potassium, & chloride

• THIAMINE • source: legumes, whole grains, potatoes, peanuts • function: formation of coenzyme in citric acid cycle • effects if deficient: beriberi (fatigue, nerve disorders, anemia)

• NIACIN • source: meat, whole grains • function: component of coenzymes NAD+ & NADP+ • effects if deficient: pellagra (digestive problems, skin lesions, nerve disorders

• FOLATE • source: green veggies, oranges, nuts, legumes, whole grains; also synthesized by bacteria in intestine • function: coenzyme in nucleus acid & amino acid metabolism • effects if deficient: anemia

• COBALAMIN • source: red meat, eggs, dairy products; also synthesized by bacteria in intestine • function: coenzyme in synthesis of proteins & nuclei cells acids & in formation of red blood cells • effects if deficient: anemia (fatigue & weakness due to low hemoglobin content in blood)

• ASCORBIC ACID • source: citrus fruits, tomatoes, broccoli, cabbage, green peppers • function: used in collagen synthesis, prevents oxidation of cell components, improves absorption of iron • effects if deficient: scurvy (degeneration of teeth & gums)

• CHOLECALCIFEROL • source: fortified milk, egg yolk; also synthesized in skin exposed to sunlight • function: aids absorption of calcium & phosphorus in small intestine • effects if deficient: rickets (bone deformities) in children; bone softening in adults

• source in diet: dairy products, green veggies, legumes • function: bone & tooth formation, nerve signaling, muscle response • effects if deficient: loss of bone mass, slow growth