Memory
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Sensory Representations
Information that is represented in one of the sense modalities
Confabulation
Inventing detailed and plausible false memories due to gaps in memory caused by amnesia
Verbal Representations
Information represented in words
Iconic Storage
A visual sensory registration process by which people retain an afterimage of a visual stimulus
Echoic Storage
An auditory sensory registration process by which people retain an echo or brief auditory representation of a sound to which they have been exposed
Short-term Memory (STM)
Memory for information that is available to consciousness for roughly 20-30 seconds; also called working memory
Rehearsal
Repeating or studying information to retain it in memory
Maintenance Rehearsal
The process of repeating information over and over to maintain it momentarily in STM
Elaborative Rehearsal
An aide to LTM storage that involves thinking about the meaning of information in order to process it with more depth
Sensory Registers
Memory systems that hold information for a very brief period of time
Long-term Memory (LTM)
Memory for facts, images, thoughts, feelings, skills and experiences that may last as long as a lifetime
Retrieval
Bringing information from LTM into STM, or working memory
Serial Position Effect
The phenomenon that people are more likely to remember information that appears first and last in a list than information in the middle of the list
Modules
Discrete but interdependent processing units responsible for different kinds of remembering
Working Memory
Conscious ‘work-space’ used for retrieving and manipulating information, maintained through maintenance rehearsal; also called STM
Chunking
The process of organising information into small, meaningful bits to aid memory
Declarative Memory
Knowledge that can be consciously retrieved and ‘declared’
Procedural Memory
Knowledge of procedures or skills that emerges when people engage in activities that require them
Semantic Memory
General word knowledge or facts; also called semantic memory
Generic Memory
General world knowledge or facts; also called semantic memory
Episodic Memory
Memories of particular episodes or events from personal experience
Explicit Memory
The conscious recollection of facts and events
Implicit Memory
Memory that can not be brought to mind consciously but can be expressed in behaviour
Recall
The explicit (conscious) recollection of material from LTM