2. Democracy

• Negative • The poor will have more power because there are more of them (Aristotle)

Of - people elect representatives to office By - those elected officials hold the power of decision For - decisions promote the interests of the people

The weak shall have the same opportunties as the strong

• Procedural • Substantive

Classifying systems of government according to whether or not cerain procedures or institutions are in place

Classifying systems of government according to whether the democracy functions in the interests of the governed

• Robert Dahl • Karl Popper • Przeworski et al

• Political equality • Everybody has an equal voice in how the state should be governed

• Free and fair elections • Universal sufferage • The policies a government passes depend on the election result • Citizens have the right to stand as candidates • Freedom of expression and information • Freedom of association

The only thing that is required is that its citizens are able to remove the government from power

• Fits the procedural definition of a democracy • But does not have competitive elections

• The chief executive is elected • The legislature is elected • This is more than one party competing in elections • An alternation of power under identical electoral rules has taken place

• Ruled by the same party since gaining independence in 1966 • Fits Dahl’s definition of a democracy • Does not fit Przeworski’s definition since a turnover of power has never occured

• Ruled by the same party from 1929 until they lost the legislature in 1997 and the presidency in 2000 • Many scholars did not consider it a democracy until 2000

• Annual mesure • 184 countries since 1800 • Score from -10 (autocracy) to +10 (democracy)

• Competitiveness of executive (government) recruitment • Opennes of executive recruitment • Constraints on the executive • Regulation of political participation • Competitiveness of political participation

Around the year 2000

1900-1919 (end of WW1) • many of the older Western European democracies emerged 1945 (after WW2) • Many states were rebuilt as democracies 1960 to today • Decolonisation of countries in Africa and the Middle East • Rise in democracy in Southern Europe and Latin America • New democracies in Central and Eastern Europe after the collapse of the USSR

• Social and economic modernisation • Culture • Strategic bargains

Lipset

• Modernisation creates changes in the economic and social structure of a society which inevitably challenges authoritarian rule and leads to demands for democracy • All societies are going through a process of modernisation • It is a uni-directional journey, from a traditional society governed by authoritarianism to a modern society governed by democracy • The final destination is inevitable • Once a democracy is established, a wealthy society is more likely to remain democratic

• Reduction of the agricultural sector • Increase in industrial sector • Increase in urbanisation • Increase in mass education and other social benefits • Expansion of the middle class • Emergence of new liberal professionals (doctors, lawyers, journalists…)

• Democracy is more common in rich countries than poor countries • Transitions to dictatorship become less likely as wealth increases

• Evidence does not support th eidea of an inevitable uni-directional journey (some countries in the Middle East bacame wealthy without becoming democratic) • Not all countires that have become democratic were highly developed (India) • Does not consider choices made by political actors