13.2, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1

vaporization that occurs at the surface of a liquid that is not boiling

vaporization throughout the liquid when vapor pressure is equal to the outside pressure

the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is just equal to the external pressure on the liquid

the boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of 101.3 kPa or 1atm

a process that occurs when an ionic solute dissolves

solvent molecules surround the positive and negative ions

a measure of the force exerted by a gas above a liquid in a sealed container a dynamic equilibrium exists between the vapor and the liquid

an inward force that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid it causes the surface to behave as if it were a thin skin

a homogeneous mixture, consists of solutes dissolved in a solvent

the dissolving medium in a solution

dissolved particles in a solution

tendency to dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at a specified temperature and presssure

tendency not to dissolve

a molecule that has two poles, or regions, with opposite charges

describes liquids that dissolve in one another in all proportions

describes liquids that are insoluble in one another

oil and water

maximum amount of solution

less than maximum amount of solution

more solute than it can hold at a given temperature

the particles are farther apart in a liquid intermolecular forces important in a liquid, negligible in a gas

average kinetic energy goes up, intermolecular forces are broken from the surface and some particles turn into a gas

it goes down

heating speeds it up because the kinetic energy of the particles increases