Fish, amphibians and reptiles in the lab
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Why is the zebra fish a good model?
• small, can be kept in large numbers • females can spawn every 2-3 days • short generation time, 3-4 months • sequenced genome • increasing interest in behaviour
Why is the stickleback a good model?
• well studied species • very popular in behavioural studies • becoming popular in tox studies • genome sequenced
Pain in fish
• rainbow trout has the same type of nociceptors as mammals • as in mammals pain information from head and mouth conveyed by the trigeminal nerve • respond behaviorally to noxious stimuli • this response is reduced by analgesic (morphine)
Name some stressors for fish
• hypoxia • bad water quality • temperature • handling • transport crowding • social interactions
Physiological effects of sympathetic activation and elevated plasma catecholamine concentrations
• increased HR • stimulation of breathing, oxygen uptake and transport • increase in blood flow to gills, brain and skeletal muscles • reduction in blood supply to the GI tract • elevelated blood glucose levels
Why is it costly to breath water?
• holds lower oxygen concentration than air • has a higher density than air • is more viscous than air • oxygen has a lower diffusion coefficient in water than in air
Effects of air exposure in fish
• drastically reduced O2 levels in the blood • increase in blood pCO2 • larger increase in blood and muscle lactate concentrations • larger decrease in blood and muscle pH • even a very short air exposure results in drastically elevated mortality • gills collaps in gravity
How to reduce the effects of stress in fish
• low temperature • starve the fish • NaCl to the water
Behavioural effects of social subordination
• suppression of aggressive behaviour • decreased appetite and food intake • lowered locomotor activity • a general inhibition of behavioural responsiveness