C5. Physical activity and bone health
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Outline how bone density chances from birth to old age
Bone mass density increases from birth through to around 35-45 years of age. Typically females achieve a lower-peak bone density than males. From this age onwards, bone mass density decreases (especially in women post menopause)
Describe the risk of osteoporosis in males and females
Low bone mineral density can lead to osteoporosis which leaves a person more vulnerable to fracturing bones–> mostly females post menopause
What are two factors which determine whether or not a person develops osteoporosis?
• their peak bone mass as a young adult • the rate of bone loss with aging exercise can affect both of these factors
Outline the longer-term consequences of osteoporosis in males and females
• independence • development of secondary complications as a result of long-term hospitalisation and pneumonia • fragile bones
Discuss the major risk factors for osteoporosis
• lack of dietary calcium • cigarette smoking • slack of estrogen associated with early menopause • physical inactivity • excessive exercise in females who keep their body mass low
Explain weight-bearing physical activity in relation to bone health
• Weight-bearing physical activity is good for bone health but in some cases intense training in weight leads to eating disorders leading to menstrual disfunction and bone demineralisation (osteoporosis) • changes in bone density are site-specific and resistance training results in greater changes than endurance training
What is the importance of weight-bearing exercise in children?
Childhood is a crucial time for optimising bone health through exercise. If bone mass is not optimised in childhood than osteoporosis is far more likely to occur in later life