Vaccinations

The immune system of he body is stimulated to make its own antibodies to a safe form of an antigen

Dead or inactive, weakened strains, toxin molecules which have been altered and detoxified, isolated antigens extracted from pathogen and genetically engineered antigens

A year, few years or a life time

• The pathogen is made safe in 1 or a number of ways so the antigens are intact but no risk of infection. • Small amounts of safe antigen are injected into blood. • The primary immune response is triggered by the foreign antigens and body produces antibodies and memory cells as if you were infected with live pathogen

If you come into contact with the life pathogen, the secondary immune response is triggered and you destroy the pathogen rapidly before you suffer symptoms of disease

When a communicable disease spreads rapidly to a lot of people at a local or national level

When the same disease spreads rapidly across a number of continents and countries

When a significant number of people in the population have been vaccinated

When those who are confirmed to have the disease are vaccinated

Penicillin

Docetaxel

Aspirin

Snails, moulds, flowers and trees

Prialt - a pain killing drug more effective from morphine

Penicillin - first effective antibiotic often comes from moulds on melon

Digoxin - a powerful heart drug to treat heart failure from foxgloves

Aspirin - pain killer that comes from compounds in willow bark

Populations of rare bacteria to produce drugs can be genetically engineered and nanotechnology can be used to deliver drugs to specific sites within tumours

By interweaving knowledge of drug actions with personal genetic material

Make holes in cell membrane, altering permeability, inhibit protein synthesis, interfere with metabolic reactions and weaken cell wall

Minimising the use of antibiotics, ensuring every course of antibiotics is complete and good hygiene in hospitals and general