Chapter 14,16,17

age of fossils is estimated by radioactive decay

position of fossil in sedament

diffrent apperance and functions that derived from the same body part in a common ancestor( fingers in mamals)

Serve similar structures-evolved independantly

no apparent function but resemble structures their ancestors had (blind cave fish- nonfunctional eyes)

Individuals with superior physical or behavioral characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than thoes without such characteristics.

selective pressure, reproduction, desirable characteristics, variation, heritable

If a population is not in HW it indicates that one or more of five mechanisms is acting on the population.

Mutation (variation), Gene flow ( allele movement between populations), Nonrandom mating (Assorative/disassorative mating), Genetic drift- Founder affect (changes allele frequency), Selection (natural/ artificial)

increases homozygots, selects parteners based on specific traits

phenotypically diffrent individuals mate, produce excess of heterozygots

No mutation takes place, No genes are transfered to or from other sources, random mating is occuring, large population size, no selection occurs

p= individuals homozygous for first allele 2pq= individuals heterozygous for both alleles q= individuals homozygous for second allele p+q=1

Favors intermidiates ( human birth weight)

Favors extremes over intermidiates ( birds with very large or small beaks)

Favors one extreme

favors intermediates (human birth weight)

a species is a population or group of populations whoes members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

a species is a set of organisms with a unique genetic history

a hypothesis about patterns of relationship among species (a systematic)

diagrams which depict the relationships between different groups