HL B2.3 Adaptations of Mammalian Cells
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How are red blood cells adapted for oxygen transport?
Flattened shape increases SA:V ratio; lack of nucleus creates more space for hemoglobin.
How are type II pneumocytes adapted for surfactant secretion?
Contain lamellar bodies (vesicles) to release surfactant, reducing alveolar surface tension.
How are type I pneumocytes adapted for gas exchange?
Extremely thin cells, forming a single-cell layer for efficient diffusion.
How are sperm cells adapted for fertilization?
Head with nucleus and acrosome, mitochondria-rich midpiece, flagellum for propulsion.
How are neurons adapted to transmit signals?
Long, thin axons carry impulses over distances; dendrites increase surface area for connections.
How are egg cells adapted for fertilization and survival?
Large cytoplasm with nutrients; non-motile, relies on ciliated cells to move.
How are striated and cardiac muscle cells adapted for contraction?
Striated: long, unbranched fibers with multiple nuclei. Cardiac: short, branched fibers with one nucleus and gap junctions for synchronized contraction.