chapter 2

A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce.`

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1C.

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions.

An atom’s dense central core, containing protons and neutrons.

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus.

The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure).

An energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom.

An electron in the outermost electron shell.

Chemically unreactive because the valence shell is full.

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

A way to represent just the atoms of a molecule.

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.

The sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms.

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that results from transient local partial charges

A molecule (such as water) with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule.

The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.

The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.

A common measure of solute concentration, the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

A water molecule that has lost a proton OH-

A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.

A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.