Exam 2

The REDD Program aims to have wealthy countries pay developing countries to keep their forests standing. Skeptics dislike this, say that it just allows wealthy contries to continue pollution, fear it will continue displacement of the indigenous population

Deforestation, Agriculture, Urban Expansion, Climate Change, Pollution

They allow for protection of natural environments, and can serve as cultural and recreational activity.

The intensive planting of a single species. Efficient for wood production, encourages pest and disease infestations. Conflicts with wildlife.

Forests free from disturbance (150-200 years) long enough to have mature trees and an equillibrium ecosystem.

Every tree in a specific area is cut, regardless of species or size. Increases soil erosion, eliminates habitats. Commonly used, is inexpensive

The harvesting of trees in narrow strips; Minimizes the edge effects and allow natural regeneration. Does not damage soil as much

Only mature trees of a specifc speices and size are cut. Is costly, less disruptive to wildlife, better for forests regeneration

The integration of ecological, economic, and social goals to unify an approach for resource managment. (1) Manage whole landscape (2) Depends on scientifically sound data (3) Consider Human needs and promote sustainability

When domestic livestock is allowed to eat most plant material of an area that it degrades the biological community. 55% of public rangelands are in poor health, allows inedible species to build up instead. Costs lots of money to manage/fix. Soil erosion.

Strips of natural habitat that connect two nature preserves to allow migration.

Sites indentified by the UN as worthy for a national park or refugee status; due to bioloigcal diversity or unique ecological features.

(1)Trees transpire lots of water, as we clear forests rainfall can decrease. (2) Forests regulate climate by capturing large amounts of carbon (carbon sink). (3) Brown/dead leaves reflect less infrared.

The degrading of once fertile land, initiating desert-producing cycle that feeds on itself.

They make up 50% of worlds plant, animal, and microbe species. 10 million ha of forest is cleared a year. They are often cleared for agriculture/cattle.

Divides protected areas into 5 categories depending on level of human use allowed. 1. Ecological Reserves/wilderness area 2. National parks 3. Natural Monuments and Archeological sites 4. Habitat and wildlife management 5. Cultural or scenic landscapes, recreation

Responsible travel that contributes to conservation and local communities. A helpful way to lower forest impact

An area deep in interior of habitat, has better conditions for species vs the edge.

The change in species composition at the boundary of two ecosystems.

Eliminating fires has caused woody debris to accumulate, increasing the likelyhood of fire. ~73 million acres (40%) of federal forest is at risk. Many ecosystems are fire-adapted, and require periodic burning for regeneration.

Proposal to maintain essential ecological processes, preserve gentic diversity and ensuring that the utilization is sustainable.

Economic inequality, political instability, and massive food waste.

High-yield crops were introduced (HYVS), chemical fertilizers and pesticides to developing countries, increasing food production. 1940s and 50s Increased food production, dependency on chemical inputs, soil health depletion, biodiversity loss

Widespread availabilty of inexpensive, processed foods (high calorie, low nutrients)