biology

not surrounded by a membrane. Dense spherical structure inside the nucleus

large organelle which is surrounded by a double membrane known as a nuclear envelope. Roughly spherical.

opening in nuclear envelope allows RNA and ribosomes to pass through cytoplasm

a gel like substance surrounded by a phosophid layer

large folded membrane. Have cisternae makes and transports lipids

Large folded membrane studded with ribosomes. Have cisternae. modifies and fold proteins built from ribosomes and sends to golgi apparatus

Composed of rRNA. Prokaryotic cells have smaller ones (70S), eukaryotes have larger ones (80S).

Hollow cylinders synthesis microtubicals needed to separate chromosomes in cell divisions

made of stacks of flattened cisternae (fluid filled spaces between membranes. makes lysosomes and processes proteins

Contains the cell’s genetic material and makes mRNA transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.

Contains hydrolytic enzymes which digest pathogens. e.g. white blood cell that has engulfed bacteria single cell membrane

Transport of water and mineral ions from cell to cell

I A M

Layer of hydrophilic polysaccharides to prevent dehydration.

Hair-like structures allowing bacteria to adhere to host cells

Tail-like structure used for movement.

Break down the cell wall of a bacterium.

To identify if the bacterial infection can be treated using antibiotics.

gram positive Colour change with the addition of crystal violet = purple Colour change with the addition of iodine= purple Colour change when sprayed with alcohol = purple Colour change when sprayed with safranin = purple

Colour change with the addition of crystal violet= purple Colour change with the addition of iodine = purple Colour change when sprayed with alcohol = colourless Colour change when sprayed with safranin = pink

Thick cell wall is exposed (top layer), thin cell membrane (bottom layer) Antibiotics can break down exposed cell wall thus destroying bacteria cell

Thin cell wall layered between 2 cell membrane antibiotics cannot destroy thin cell wall as cell membrane prevents the antibiotics from entering anti biotic resistant

Biconcave structure =Large surface area and so they can squeeze through capillaries. No nucleus= Increases space for haemoglobin molecules. Contains haemoglobin =Haemoglobin binds with up to 4 oxygen atoms.

Contains chemical enzymes= Secretes antibodies to defend the body from pathogens. Contain lysosomes =Engulfs and digests pathogens. Have multi-lobed nuclei= Flexible structure enabling them to squeeze through small gaps.