Topic 3: Chemical Reactions - Subtopic 1: Introducing Chemical Reactions
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What is the formula and charge for an ammonium ion?
NH₄⁺
What is the formula and charge for a hydroxide ion?
OH⁻
What is the formula and charge for a nitrate ion?
NO₃⁻
What is the formula and charge of a sulfate ion?
SO₄²⁻
What is the formula and charge of a carbonate ion?
CO₃²⁻
What is the formula and charge of a hydrogen carbonate ion?
HCO₃⁻
What is the formula and charge of a phosphate ion?
PO₄³⁻
What are chemical amounts measured in?
Moles
What is the mole?
SI Unit for amount of substance, symbol mol
What does one mole contain?
• 6.02214076 ₓ₁₀²³ elementary units • Also known as Avogadro’s Number
What is the mass of one mole of a substance known as and what is it the same as for an element/compound?
• Molar Mass • Same as Relative Atomic or Molecular Mass
How do you calculate the mass of one atom of an element?
Mass = Molar Mass / Avogadro’s Constant
What is the formula to convert between moles (mol), mass (g) and molar mass?
Mass = Moles x Molar Mass
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
No matter is lost or gained during a chemical reaction
Why may some chemical reactions appear to involve a change in mass?
• Presence of a gaseous reactant or product • Open flask, gaseous product escapes, total mass decrease
What is the amount of product obtainable directly proportional to?
The amount of limiting reagent added at the beginning of the reaction
How do you determine the limiting reactant?
• Convert the mass of each reactant into moles by dividing by the molar masses • Write the balanced equation and determine the molar ratio • Look at the equation and compare the mole
What happens when a limiting reagent is used up?
Reaction cannot continue