Chapter 2: Atomic Structure. Electron Configuration
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What does the relative atomic mass represent?
The average mass of an atom of the element.
What is the maximum number of electrons a single orbital can hold?
2 electrons.
What is the shape of an s orbital?
Spherical.
How many orbitals are present in the p subshell?
3 orbitals.
What is the maximum number of orbitals in a shell determined by?
n² (where n is the shell number).
How many orbitals does the d subshell have?
5 orbitals.
How many electrons can the p subshell hold?
6 electrons.
What is Hund’s third rule?
Electrons occupy separate orbitals with parallel spins to minimize energy.
What is the relationship between 4s and 3d orbitals?
They are close in energy.
What is particularly stable in electron configurations?
Half-filled and fully filled sub-levels.
How does electron configuration influence an element’s position on the Periodic Table?
It is based on the sub-level of highest energy in the ground-state atom.
Why does successive ionization energy increase?
Greater attractive force between protons and remaining electrons.
What are the three factors influencing ionization energy?
• Nuclear charge • Distance between nucleus - outer electrons • Shielding effects
How does nuclear charge affect ionization energy?
Ionization energy increases with proton number.
What is the effect of electron distance from the nucleus on ionization energy?
Farther distance lowers ionization energy.
How does the shielding effect influence ionization energy?
More inner electron shells reduce ionization energy.
How does electron configuration minimize electron repulsion?
Electrons occupy separate orbitals.
What is the maximum number of electrons in an f subshell?
14 electrons.
What determines the energy levels of orbitals?
The principal quantum number (n) and subshell type.
Why are parallel spins favored in orbitals?
They lower energy by minimizing repulsion.
What is the shape of p orbitals?
Dumbbell-shaped.
How many p orbitals exist in a shell?
3 orbitals.
What is the maximum number of electrons in the n=3 shell?
18 electrons.
Which subshell has 7 orbitals?
f subshell.