clinical chemistry
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what is clinical chemistry
biochemical analysis of bodily fluids for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes
name biochemical disorders
homeostatic, endocrine, inherited/genetic and nutritional disorders
what are examples of homeostatic disorders
• acid-base balance • fluid and electrolyte disorders
what are examples of endocrine disorders
• hyposecretion • hypersecretion • hormone resistance
what are examples of inherited/genetic disoders
enzyme and receptor deficiency
what are examples of nutritional disorders
nutrient deficiency and excess
name 1 homeostatic disorder
syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
describe the blood fluid homeostasis when drink too much water
• drank too much water -water content in blood is too high • brain produces less ADH • so less water is reabsorbed back into kidney • causes the urine output to be high
describe the blood fluid homeostasis when don’t have enough water (eg, sweating)
• the water contents in the blood are too low • which causes the brain to produce more ADH • this leads to more water being absorbed back into kidney • now there’s less urine output (more concentrated)
what are the causes of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
• malignancy eg, lung cancer • drugs eg, chloropropamide
what are the consequences for the causes of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
inappropriate ADH secretion
what are the clinical symptoms of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
• low urine output • low blood sodium (hyponatraemia)
what are the treatments of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
• restrict water intake • treat the underlying cause
name 1 endocrine disorder
diabetes mellitus
describe blood glucose regulation when it’s low
when blood sugar is low, it causes the pancreas to secrete glucagon which causes glycogen (stored glucose in the liver) to turn into glucose. therefore, raising blood sugar levels.
describe blood glucose regulation when it’s high
when blood sugar is high it causes the pancreas to secrete insulin from the pancreas. the insulin then causes glucose to turn into glycogen (stored glucose in the liver). insulin also stimulates glucose to be uptaken from the blood into the liver. therefore, lowering blood sugar levels
what are the causes of diabetes mellitus (high blood glucose)
• not enough insulin secreted • insulin resistance
what are the clinical symptoms of diabetes mellitus
• polydipsia (when you drink too much water) which can cause polyuria (produce a lot of urine) • eye disease • delayed wound healing • nervous tissue damage
what is the treatment for diabetes mellitus
• insulin therapy • dietary
name 1 genetic disorder
glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
what is the cause of glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
genetic defect
what is the consequence of the genetic defect
glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
what are the clinical symptoms of glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
• hypoglycaemia (abnormally low blood glucose) • hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) • lactic acidosis (when lactic acid builds up in your blood)
what is the treatment of glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
• frequent intake of glucose