Recombinant DNA technology

• isolation • insertion • transformation 4.identification 5.growth and cloning

-using reverse transcriptase -restriction endonuclease -gene machine

-DNA is cleaved at a restriction site -restriction endonuclease cuts out the DNA fragments -staggered cuts leave sticky ends which are several nucleotide bases long -Any piece of DNA cut with the same restriction site will have complimentary sticky ends -Complimentary bases of the sticky ends pair up -DNA ligase joins sugar phosphate backbone -Allows us to join DNA from one organism to another

-Strand of mRNA from the beta cells of human pancreas coding for the production of insulin -mRNA acts as a template for the production of a single stranded complimentary copy of cDNA using reverse transcriptase -cDNA is isolated by hydrolysis of the mRNA with DNA helicase -Double stranded DNA is formed on the template of the cDNA using DNA polymerase resulting in a copy of the human insulin gene

-Desired protein with amino acid sequence, mRNA sequence and DNA sequence -nucleotide base sequence into computer -biosafety, biosecurity and ethics checked -computer designs oligonucleotides -oligonucleotides assembled one nucleotide at a time -oligonucleotides joined to form gene -PCR replicates gene -gene into plasmid using sticky ends -gene check using sequencing techniques

transferring the fragments to a host cell using a vector

using the polymerase chain reaction

-DNA fragment is produced from restriction endonuclease -RNA polymerase and transcription factors binds to the promoter region of the DNA fragment -Terminator is added to stop transcription at appropriate time -Same restriction endonuclease used to cut fragment is used to cut plasmid at antibiotic resistant gene which produces complimentary sticky end -plasmid is transformed into the bacteria using calcium irons and changing the temperature -identify uptake of gene/plasmid using R plasmid which carry the gene for resistance to two antibiotics, ampicillin and tetracycline -Determine if the gene is present using a marker gene

-DNA fragments, primers and DNA polymerase placed in thermocycler and heated to 95 to break hydrogen bonds separating the strands -cool to 55 so primers can anneal to DNA at complimentary bases -heat to 72 so free nucleotides can bind to complimentary base pairs and DNA polymerase can form phosphodiester bonds

-it’s extremely rapid -it does not require living cells

-it is particularly useful where we wish to introduce a gene into another organism -it involves almost no risk of contamination -it’s very accurate -it cuts out specific genes -it produces transformed bacteria that can be used to produce large quantities of gene products

-DNA fragment -DNA polymerase -primers -nucleotides -thermocycler

Short sequence of nucleotides that have a set of bases complimentary to those at one end of each of the two DNA fragments

A computer controlled machine that varies temperatures precisely over a period of time

short single stranded length of DNA that has a label attached to it that makes it easily identifiable

-Isolate DNA from bodily fluid sample -denature the single strand of DNA -combine with DNA probes that are complimentary -DNA probes will bind to the gene of interest if it’s present in the sample

-Radioactively labelled probes - fluorescently labelled probes

Using X-ray film that is exposed by radioactivity

Emit light under certain conditions, for example when the probe has bound to the target DNA sequence

To measure the degree of difference between two strands of DNA. Can be used to compare someone’s DNA to a certain gene to see if they have it

-Determine the sequence of nucleotide bases of the mutant allele - Make a DNA probe that has bases complimentary to the mutated gene -Separate the double stranded DNA from the sample to make it single stranded using DNA helicase or heat -Mix separate strands of DNA sample with DNA probe and cool -DNA probe will bind to the complimentary base sequence of the mutated gene on the DNA sample (DNA hybridisation) -wash away unattached DNA probes -site where the probe has bound is identified by either the radioactivity or fluorescence that the probe emits

allows people to make informed decisions about themselves or their offspring by providing advice and information

can determine the probability of a couple having offspring with a genetic disorder

process that relies on the fact that the DNA of individuals is unique and contains repetitive non-coding bases called VNTRs