General rules
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what are common soluble compounds?
• sodium, potassium and ammonium salts • nitrates • chlorides, bromides, iodides except for Ag+ and Pb2+ • sulphates expect for Ba2+, Pb2+, Ca2+ • sodium carbonates and hydroxides • potassium carbonates and hydroxides • ammonium carbonate and hydroxides
Acid + base →
salt + water
Acid + carbonate →
salt + water +CO2
Acid + metal →
salt + hydrogen gas
what observations are made when an acid reacts with a metal?
effervescence due to H2 gas metal dissolves - disappears may feel warm - exothermic
what observations are made when an acid reacts with a carbonate?
effervescence sue to CO2 gas solid carbonate dissolves limewater test - CO2 turns limewater milky
what observations are made when an acid reacts with a base?
neutralisation - exothermic - solution warms up solid base dissolves pH changes from acidic to neutral
what is the general formula for a precipitation reaction?
2 aqueous ionic solutions → solid precipitate + solution
what forms an ionic bond?
metal + non-metal
what forms a covalent bond?
non-metal + non-metal
what substances are liquid at room temperature?
water bromine ethanol organic liquids mercury - Liquid Metal
wha form are ionic compounds at room temperature?
solid
what does NaCl(l) mean?
the ionic compound has been melted - is molten. it is not in solution
what symbol do you use if the compound is in solution?
aq
what is the molecular formula for nitrate
(NO3)-
what is the molecular formula for carbonate?
(CO3)2-