Chapter 1 - Structures & Functions of Life

All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest unit of structure and function in all living things. New cells can only be produced from other cells.

Blood Cells. Surface Skin Cells. Bone Cells. Columnar Epithelial & Goblet Cells. Cardiac Muscle Cells. Skeletal Muscle Cells. Neuron. Smooth Muscle Cells.

Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue Connective Tissue Epithelial Tissue

Cellular Level -> Tissue Level -> Organ Level -> Organism Level.

This digests proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, and also transports undigested substances to the cell membrane so they can be removed. The shape of a lysosome depends on the material being transported.

These cell structures vary in terms of size and quantity. Some cells may have one mitochondrion, while others have thousands. This structure performs various functions such as generating ATP, and is also involved in cell growth and death. Mitochondria contain their own DNA that is separate from that contained in the nucleus.

This structure contained within the nucleus consists of protein. It is small, round, does not have a membrane, is involved in protein synthesis, and synthesizes and stores RNA (ribonucleic acid).

Ribosomes are involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids. They are numerous, making up about one quarter of the cell. Some cells contain thousands of ribosome. Some are mobile and some are embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

The two types of endoplasmic reticulum are rough (has ribosomes on the surface) and smooth (does not have ribosomes on the surface). It is a tubular network that comprises the transport system of a cell. It is fused to the nuclear membrane and extends through the cytoplasm to the cell membrane.

This is a general term that refers to cytosol and the substructures (organelles) found within the plasma membrane, but not within the nucleus.

This is involved in synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of the cell. It is located near the nucleus and consists of layers of membranes.

This is a small structure that contains the chromosomes and regulates the DNA of a cell. The nucleus is the defining structure of eukaryotic cells, and all eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. The nucleus is responsible for the passing on of genetic traits between generations. The nucleus contains a nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, a nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, and ribosomes.

This defines the cell by acting as a barrier. It helps keeps cytoplasm in and substances located outside the cell out. It also determines what is allowed to enter and exit the cell.

These are cylinder-shaped structures near the nucleus that are involved in cellular division. Each cylinder consists of nine groups of three microtubules. Centrioles occur in pairs.

Also found inside cells. Are proteins that help chemical reactions occur faster.

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokenisis.

Interphase (I), Prophase(I), Metaphase(I), Anaphase(I), Telophase(I), Cytokenisis(I), Interphase (II), Prophase(II), Metaphase(II), Anaphase(II), Telophase(II), Cytokenisis(II).

DNA condenses into structures called chromosomes. The cell’s Nucleus dissapears.

Chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell.

Chromosomes split into 2 identicles chromatids. The set of identical chromatids travel to opposite sides of the cell.

A new nucleus forms around each set of chromatids. The cell is ready to separate into 2 identical cells.

This is the physical splitting of the cell (including the cytoplasm) into two cells.

DNA condenses into chromosomes. Nucleus dissapears. Matching pairs of chromosomes trade segments- crossing over.

Chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell.