A3
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What does ergogenic aid mean?
It is any substance or phenomenon that improves an athlete’s performance
What is the positive effect of placebo?
• Belief that a beneficial treatment or intervention has been received (physiological, behavioural, emotional or cognitive) • Often used as a control during experiments investigating treatments, used to control validity
What are the negative effects of placebo?
• Athlete may think they are experiencing negative effects (physiological, behavioral, emotional or cognitive) • A endurance performer may ingest a sports drink containing carbohydrates or artificial sweetener
What are five classes of non-nutritional ergogenic aids that are currently banned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and World Anti-Doping Agency?
• anabolic steroids • hormones and related substances • diuretics and masking agents • beta blockers • stimulants
What do anabolic steroids do?
Give unfair advantage or added strength to the performer, can be dangerous with elevated aggression)
What do hormones and related substances do?
Stimulate growth quicker than others, unfair advantage
What do diuretics and masking agents do?
Masks other illegal ergogenic aids that may have been taken
What do beta blockers do?
Decreases heart rate so performer can be more steady, commonly desired in shooting or precision sports
What do stimulants do?
Elevates heart rate, to get performer going, desired in fighting type sports
What are the benefits of anabolic steroids?
Artificially produced hormones –> promote muscle growth, produces lean body weight
What are the side effects oof anabolic steroids?
Liver damage, acne, excessive aggression
What are the benefits of erythropoietin (EPO)?
A natural hormone produced by the kidney that promotes the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow, which increases haemoglobin levels –> increases oxygen-carrying capacity, increase amount of work able to be done (muscular endurance)
What are the side effects of EPO?
• Dehydration • Viscosity of the blood • Blood clotting • Risk of heart attacks, strokes causing death
What are the benefits of beta blockers?
Help to calm an individual down (lowers the heart rate) –> steadies the nerves, can improve accuracy
What are the side effects of beta blockers?
• tiredness • low blood pressure • slower heart rate
What are the benefits of caffeine (stimulants)?
Increase alertness and physical processes in the body –> improve the mobilisation of fatty acids, decreased tiredness, increases metabolism, increased alertness
What are the side effects of caffeine (stimulants)?
• Dehydration • Insomnia • Weight loss • Cardiovascular problems causing death
What are the benefits of diuretics?
Drug can conceal the presence of a prohibited substance in urine or other samples –> mask other performance enhancing drugs
What are the side effects of diuretics?
• dehydration • upset stomach • feeling faint • dizziness and low blood pressure • affects thermoregulation • loss of electrolytes and mineral salts –> fatigue and muscle cramping • exhaustion and cardiac arrest • kidney failure