Chapter 5 - Roots And Soils

*Apical meristem. Primary growth in length.

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• “Kid” stage (growing bigger, but don’t know what they’re going to do in life yet)

• Cells develop in specialization

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• “Helmet” for the root. • Function: protection to the root while it grows and pushes through abrasive soil. Produces a mucus for lubrication. Controls direction of growth (sensitive to gravity).

• Another name for the region of maturation, where root hairs develop.

Extended growth of epidermal cells (trichomes) to increase root surface area and increase soil contact for absorption of water and nutrients

• Largest region of the root, composed of parenchyma * Function: storage, some support, transport (movement can go around or through the cells)

• Function: acts as a filter for incoming materials * Contains the Casparian strip; is a tube all the way down the root

• Like the “caulk” of the endodermis, between the cells to force materials to either enter the vascular tissue through the cells, or be blocked from entrance • Function: seals the endodermal layer, filters materials

• At the ends of “arms” of xylem. Small, thin-walled gaps in the endodermis. • Function: to help channel water directly to the xylem and help prevent it entering the phloem.

• The core of tissues inside the endodermis.

• Thin layer of meristematic cells inside the endodermis, usually one cell wide. • Function: makes new cells, can result in side (lateral) roots, and parts of the vascular cambium in dicots come from the pericycle.

Roots are enlarged to store large quantities of starch and other carbohydrates. Ex: sweet potatoes and yams, and dandelions.

Store water, in arid areas

Ex: make stem cells turn into root cells in cuttings. Some plants produce them naturally, when send out suckers via the roots. They begin a new plant.

• Root extensions above the soil surface. Found usually in tropical/swamp species where the soil can be saturated. • Function: Aid in oxygen and other gas exchange.

• Roots originating above the surface of the soil. Vines produce these, that climb houses and trees. Corn grows prop roots to help stabilize the plant in wind. • Function: support

Pull the plant deeper into the soil until stable soil temperature is found.

Tall, narrow “feet” that merge in appearance with the trunk. Gives great stability.

Feed off something else due to an inability to produce what it needs for itself. Example: dodder, a yellow plant lacking in chlorophyll, so takes nutrients from other plants

Roots that arise/grow from an unexpected location, such as propagation roots and aerial roots