Developing Metals
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Explain what is meant by a transition metal/ element.
A d-block element which forms one or more ions with an incomplete d-subshell.
What are general properties of metals?
• High mp/ bp point due to strong electrostatic attraction which requires a lot of energy to break. • Electrical conductors due to delocalised electrons which are free to carry charge • High density due to closely packed arrangement of particles.
What are properties specific to transition elements?
• Variable oxidation states • Form coloured ions in solution • Form complex ions with ligands • Catalytic activity
What are the electronic configurations of chromium and copper?
The electronic configurations of chromium and copper are exceptions to the rule of filling up subshells: * Chromium: 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,3d5,4s1 * Copper: 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,3d10,4s1 Should be in superscript and no commas!
What 2 oxidation states can Fe have?
Fe2+ or Fe3+
What 2 oxidation states can Cu have?
Cu+ and Cu2+
Colour of Fe2+ in solution.
pale green
Colour of Fe3+ in solution.
brown
Colour of Cu2+ in solution.
blue
Colour of Cu+ in solution.
colourless
What happens to Cu+ in solution and why?
Cu+ is unstable in solution and will disproportionate into Cu2+ and Cu readily. 2Cu+(aq) ⟶ Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s).
Explain what is meant by disproportionation?
The same element is oxidised and reduced in the same reaction.
What is a complex ion?
A complex ion has a central transition metal ion surrounded by other groups called ligands. E.g [Cu(H2O)6]2+
What is a ligand?
Ligands have a lone pair with which they form dative covalent (coordinate) bonds to the central ion. May be neutral or a negative ion. E.g. H2O:, :CN-
What is meant by monodentate?
Ligand forms 1 coordinate bond to the central metal ion, donating 1 electron pair.
What is meant by bidentate?
Ligand forms 2 coordinate bonds to the central metal ion, donating 2 electron pairs.
What is meant by hexadentate?
Ligand forms 6 coordinate bonds to the central metal ion, donating 6 electron pairs.
What is meant by polydentate?
Ligand forms many coordinate bonds to the central metal ion, donating many e- pairs.
Give examples of monodentate ligands.
• H2O: • :NH • :SCN- • :CN- • :Cl- • :OH-
Give examples of bidentate ligands.
• Ethandioate ion • Ethane-1,2-diamine
What is meant by coordination number?
The number of coordinate bonds from ligands to the central metal ion.
What are the 2 bond shapes associated in complex with a coordination number of 4?
Tetrahedral or Square Planar
What is the bond angle for a tetrahedral complex?
109.5°
What is the bond angle for a square planar complex?
90°