Module 4 - Core Organic Chemistry
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What is the definition for a hydrocarbon?
A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only
What is a homologous series?
A family of compounds that have similar chemical properties They differ by the addition of a -CH- group
What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?
Where carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring(cyclic) structures
What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
Unsaturated - contains a double or triple bond Saturated - contains only single bonds
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
Where carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched(straight) ir branched chains
What is an alkene?
Functional Group - NH2n Contains at least one double C=C bond So is unsaturated Aliphatic hydrocarbon
What is an alkyne?
Functional Group - CnH2n-2 Contains at least one triple Carbon - Carbon Bond
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
Where some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring(C6H6)
Name and give equations for the first 4 alkanes
Methane - CH4 Ethane - C2H6 Propane - C3H8 Butane - C4 H10
Properties of alkanes
Hydrocarbon Flammable Saturated(only single bonds) Don’t react with bromine water More viscous as chain length increases
How to distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
React substance with bromine water Saturated(single bonds) - doesn’t react with bromine water Solution stays colourless Unsaturated(double or triple bonds) - reacts with bromine water Solution turns orange
What is a functional group?
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
Give the functional group of an alkane
CnH2n+2
stage 1 H2 + anthraquinone → anthraquinol stage 2 O2 + anthraquinol → H2O2 + anthraquinone Explain the advantages of the manufacture of H2O2 from hydrogen and oxygen.
• 100% atom economy/higher atom economy • No toxic/poisonous byproducts formed during reaction • Anthraquinone is regenerated - acts as a catalyst for the reaction • Oxygen comes form air - is readily available to be used for the reaction
Explain why the straight chain isomer of C10H22 is converted by the petroleum industry into its branched chain isomers.
• Branched chain isomers are easier to combust/have more efficient combustion
Explain why the straight chain isomer of C10H22 has a higher boiling point than any of its branched chain structural isomers.
• Less branching • More surface contact • More/Greater London Forces • So more energy required to break the strong/stronger London Forces between molecules
Butan-2-ol and 2-methylpropan-2-ol are structural isomers. i) What is meant by the term structural isomer? (1 Mark
• Versions of a compound containing the same molecular formula, but different structural formula
Atom economy def
• The molecular masses of the desired product ÷ sum of molecular masses of all products × 100