Revision of minerals and vitamins

They are essential in the development and maintenance of bones and teeth. Important in intracellular signalling to enable integration and regulate metabolic processes, for transmission of information via the nervous system and for muscle contraction. It helps lower blood pressure and may help protect against colon cancer.

It will lead to weak bones, this is seen in children through the disease rickets which is a curvature in your leg bones and sometimes your lower spine and in adults they will suffer from Osteomalcia which is also a weakening of your bones cause them to bend. Osteoporosis is another bone problem which is due to not reaching peak bone mass and their bones will become weak and brittle and will fracture easily. You may suffer stunted growth and convulsions.

Diarrhoea and stomach pain

Dairy products - milk, cheese, yogurt, cream White bread has calcium fortified into it, green leafy veg and broccoli

Promoting Factors - Vitamin D Acidic environment Dietary fibre Lactose Non - digestible oligosaccharides Inhibitory factors - phytates oxalates unabsorbed dietary fats use of antacids

Has both physiological and biochemical functions. Has interrelationships with potassium, sodium and calcium Needed for activation of enzymes, parathyroid hormone secretion, bone metabolism and muscle and nerve function.

Progressive muscle weakness Neuromuscular dysfunction Reduced blood pressure Mild hypomagnesemia in alcoholics, severely ill patients and those with malabsorption disorders

Found in both plant and animal, in the mineral chlorophyll, in nuts, green leafy veg, bread, fish and meat

Needed for the formation of the bone component hydroxyapatite Associated with energy metabolism Normal bone and tooth structure Dynamic equilibrium between calcium and phosphate Important in all cells and is vital in the structure of all cell membranes

Demineralisation of bones and teeth. Can lower calcium levels in the blood Fish, rice and bread

Essential for water and electrolyte balance normal functioning of cells and nerves decreases blood pressure Lowers sodium levels in urine Can help protect against CVD and hypertension

Severe diarrhoea, weakness, mental confusion, heart failure, death Harmful to kidneys Meat, fish, seeds, pulses Coffee, Tobacco, Sugar

Water and electrolyte balance in the body. A control of sodium levels, balance between sodium excretion and absorption Required for certain nutrients and water from the gut Role in muscle and nerve function

Muscular fatigue, nausea, vertigo, mental apathy and reduced appetite. Excess sweating, renal failure, diuretic drugs, Addison’s disease which is a failure to produce aldosterone and diarrhoea

An increased risk of high blood pressure, CVD and a stroke It can also cause kidney abnormalities due to kidneys struggling. Babies kidneys cannot cope with excess as they cannot excrete causing kidney problems and possible failure. Can also cause fluid to be retained which is known as Oedema

For the mineralisation of bones and teeth, protects teeth from dental caries and tooth decay Fluoridated drinking water, toothpaste, tea Those with no access to fluoridated drinking water should take from birth to meet the whole mineralisation period

Demineralisation of bones and teeth, increases risk of tooth decay and dental caries Fluorosis - this is the crumbling of teeth, severe skeletal changes, calcification of ligaments and tendons leads to muscle and bone pain.

Essential component of thyroid hormones - vital regulators of metabolic rate. Needed for both physical and mental development Needed for brain development of the baby.

lethargy and swelling of the thyroid gland and babies born with a deficiency, mothers may be mentally retarded Seafood. seaweed, shellfish

Formation of haemoglobin in red blood cells to transport oxygen around the body. Found in myoglobin which carries oxygen into and around muscle cells. Important in many enzyme reactions and important in the immune system stored in bone marrow, liver and spleen

Iron deficiency anaemia - symptoms include fatigue, pale complexion, pale skin, headaches Ability to generate free radicals which causes a disease known as hemochromatosis Haem iron - many animal products and HBV proteins most readily available source. Non - haem - less readily available source, LBV proteins

Component of important antioxidant, enzymes protect against free radicals, for reproductive functions, it improves motility of the sperm and has an immune system function that helps protect lymph nodes, spleen and liver

Keshan disease - a heart disease that affects children and women of child bearing age in rural China

Co factor for numerous enzymes Involved in major metabolic pathways Essential for cell division growth, repair and normal reproductive production Skin