Organic Synthesis,NMR And Amino acids
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What do amino acid molecules consist of and what property do they share
An amine group A carboxylic acid group They are all chiral
State the properties that the carboxylic acid and amine group have in Amino acid and state what they react with
Carboxylic acid has acidic properties and so react with bases Amines have basic properties and react with acids
What would happen when the amino acid is in a high ph(alkali)
The COOH would lose a hydrogen and become COO-
What would happen when the amino acid is in a low ph (reacts with acids)
The Nh2 would gain a hydrogen Becomes NH3+
What is is called when amino acid reacts with itself
It’s referred to an a zwitterion they have both a proton donar(COOH)and proton accepting group(NH3) NH3 + COO-
State the bond that forms between amino acids in a protein
Peptide bonds
What is the primary structure of a proteins
The sequence of amino acids in a chain
What are the two secondary structures proteins can form
A helix Beta plated sheets
State why secondary structures can occur in proteins
As hydrogen bonds can occur between the hydrogen atom on peptide link with either a nitrogen or oxygen on another peptide link
What is the tertiary structure and how does it occur
The 3D structure of a protein it occurs as a result of interactions between amino acid groups further apart in the chain
State the 3 types of bonds that can form in the tertiary structure
Hydrogen bondings Ionic bonding Covalent sulfur Sulfur bonds (disulphides Bridge
What are the 4 bases in DNA
Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine
What is DNA made up of
Phosphate ion 2-deoxyribose One of the four bases(adenine,cystine,guanine,thymine)
State the complementary bonding in DNA
Thymine pairs with adenine Cytosine pairs with Guanine
When a condensation reaction occurs between two nucleotides what is formed and where does the bond occur
It occurs between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the deoxyribose of another it’s a covalent bond
What is the function of cisplatin and give its structure
It’s anti-cancer drug • 2(Cl)-Pt-(NH3)2
How does cisplatin work
It binds to two of the Guanine bases on a strand of DNA It undergos ligand substitution with with the Nitrogen on Guanine replacing the CL on the cisplatin and a dative covalent bond forms This action prevents cell replication of the DNA which means cancer cells can no longer divide
Why does the Nitrogen atom on the cisplatin replace the Chlorine on the cisplatin
As it’s a better ligand
State why cancer drugs like cisplatin have side effects
Because it binds to DNA in healthy cells preventing them from replicating and so as a result people may lose their hair
What are enzymes
That are globular proteins that catalyse reactions
What part of an enzyme catalyses reaction
It’s active side
Why are enzymes considered to be stereospefic
As their 3D shapes can only catalyse one individual enantiomer or pair of a chiral molecule
What happens in enzyme inhibition.
drugs are designed that have a similar shape to the substrate, It will bind to the active site of the enzyme blocking the substrate from binding it preventing a reaction occurring so the reaction won’t occur
Why are computer models becoming useful in treating enzymes
They can predict the shape of the enzyme and once the shape is understood then they can design the shape of the substrate that can react with the enzyme