vocab
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a substance made from two or more different elements that have been chemically joined
compound
different forms of the same chemical element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in their nucleus
isotope
the smallest unit of a substance
molecule
the stored energy that can be used to do work.
potential energy
electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
valence electrons
a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms (two nonmetals)
covalent bonds
an atom’s tendency to attract shared electrons within a chemical bond
electronegativity
a chemical bond formed between two oppositely charged ions, where one atom completely transfers electrons to another, creating a positively charged ion (cation) and a negatively charged ion (anion), which then attract each other due to electrostatic forces (metal and nonmetal)
ionic bond
the electromagnetic attraction created between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom and another nearby electronegative atom.
hydrogen bonds
a molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive, while the other end is slightly negative
polar molecule
the tendency of like molecules to stick together
cohesion
the tendency of dissimilar substances or surfaces to cling to one another
adhesion
flow of heat
thermal energy
a unit of energy that measures the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere.
calorie
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius (°C).
specific heat
molecules that can interact with water
hydrophilic
repelling water
hydrophobic
the amount of a substance in a certain volume of solution
molarity
quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions
pH
groups of carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen, usually oxygen, and often other elements as well
organic compounds
a very large molecule important to biological processes, such as a protein or nucleic acid
macromolecule
an organic compound composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms
hydrocarbons
a molecule that has the same chemical formula as another molecule, but with a different arrangement of its atoms, leading to distinct structural properties even though they contain the same number and types of atoms
isomer
a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for a characteristic of that molecule
functional group