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What are concordant results?
Results that are within 0.1cm³ of each other
What is the equation for concentration?
moles / volume
What is the equation for volume of gas?
moles × 24
What is an oxidising agent?
• The substance that gets reduced • The substance that causes the other to oxidise • The substance that gives up oxygen
What reason would you use a catalyst for in a reversible reaction?
Catalysts increase the rate of both directions of reaction equally, so the reaction reaches equilibrium faster, without changing the position of equilibrium
What method is used to extract pure metals that are above carbon in the reactivity series from their ores?
Electrolysis
What method is used to extract pure metals that are below carbon in the reactivity series?
Reduction reaction with carbon monoxide Iron oxide ore in a blast furnace with carbon monoxide turns into iron and carbon dioxide.
Why do more reactive metals displace less reactive metals from their compounds?
More reactive metals form compounds more easily than less reactive metals * ‘steals it’
Define functional group.
The group of atoms attached to an organic compound which determines its characteristic reactions.
Give all the information about fermentation to produce ethanol.
• Equation: glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide • Need to add: yeast • Temperature: 30° celsius • Conditions: without oxygen
What gives metals their properties?
The metallic bonding which is due to the attraction between the positive nuclei of the positive ions and the sea of delocalised electrons.
What are the three properties of metals?
• Conducts electricity • Malleable • High melting point
Why do metals conduct electricity?
Metals have delocalised electrons that can move freely throughout the metal * Electricity is the flow of electrons.
Why are metals malleable?
Metals are made of layers of ions that can slide over each other.
Why do metals have high melting points?
Metals have high boiling points due to very strong electrostatic attraction between the positively charged metal ion nuclei and the sea of delocalised electrons.
What is a metal alloy?
A mixture of a metal and one other element, metal or non-metal, that are metallically bonded together.
Why are metal alloys not malleable?
• Alloys are formed of two different elements • Different elements have different sizes • Differently sized atoms in the layers make it harder for them to slide over each other.
What is the general equation for bond energy calculations?
Energy change = bonds broken - bonds made Break - make * break - make.
What are the names of the 2 measuring apparatus used in titrations
Pipette - used to measure exactly 25cm³ of a liquid Burette - tube filled with liquid, with a scale showing volume and has a tap that releases a few drops of liquid at a time. (One is filled with acid, the other is filled with alkali)
Explain how a catalyst increases rate of reaction
A catalyst increase ROR byproviding an alternate route, with a lower activation energy