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Non-associative learning
Habituation and sensitization
Associative learning
Imprinting, conditioned responses, instrumental conditioning, concepts
Complex behavior acts are dependent on
Cognitive abilities to attend, recognize and make decisions
Process for sensory information signals
Sensory info–>primary sensory cortex–>higher order sensory cortex–>polymodal and association cortices–>hippocampal region subcortical inputs
What determines the integrity of the circuits
Synaptic connections
Synaptic plasticity
Reorganization of synapse resulting in changes in synaptic strength that can lead to changes in circuit function and ultimately to behavioral plasticity
Short term plasticity
Msecs to 1-2 minutes
Long lasting plasticity
30 mins or longer
Short term plasticity is based on changes at
Presynaptic terminal
Synaptic facilitation
Rapid increase in synaptic strength that occurs when the second action potential arrives to presynaptic terminal within less than 50 milliseconds after the first AP. There is still a lot of Ca in the terminal so the second AP is stronger because of that concentration
Synaptic strength
Size of the post synaptic response
Mechanism of synaptic facilitation
Increase of transmitter as a result of prolonged elevation of presynaptic Ca level in presynapse following synaptic activity.
Synaptic depression
Decrease in synaptic strength during sustained activity. A short term synaptic change that lasts a few seconds
Mechanism of synaptic depression
After presynaptic tetanus stimulation: Decrease of transmitter release(depletion of vesicles from ready to be released pool) as a result of prolonged elevation of presynaptic Ca level following sustained synaptic activity
Tetanus
High frequency (100s of pulses per second) electric stimulation of presynaptic terminal that causes sustained synaptic activity
The rate of synaptic depression is greatly reduced when
Extra cellular Ca concentration causing vesicular pool to slowly deplete
Synaptic potentiation (post tetanic potentiation, PTP)
Form of short term synaptic plasticity that is elected by repeated synaptic activity and serve to increase the amount of neurotransmitter released. synaptic potentiation is observed after tetanic stimulation of an afferents that innervate motor neurons in the spinal cord
(Synaptic Potentiation) Post tetanic potentiation is observed
After tetanic stimulation of afferents that innervate motor neurons in the spinal cord
Short term synaptic plasticity causes
Dynamic changes at various synapses, reflecting the history of the synaptic activity
Habituation
Process that causes the animal to become less responsive to repeated occurrences of a stimulus that previously evoked the response. Happens when no reward or punishment follows the repeated stimulation
Sensitization
Increase in the response to a non-noxious stimulus when it follows noxious(punishing) stimulus
Sensitization allows to
Generalize an aversive response elicited by a noxious stimulus to a variety of non noxious stimuli
Habituation results from
A decrease in the number of volt gated Ca channels that open in response to the arrival of an AP at the axon terminal, thus reducing the amount of glutamate released.
Habituation does not affect the generation of
APs in the siphon sensory neuron or the receptors in postsynaptic cells