Chapter 11

Functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series

It shows the unambiguous arrangement of atoms in a molecule, carbon by carbon, with the attached, hydrogen and functional groups -> compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Family of similar compounds with a similar chemical properties, due to the presence of the same functional group

. Have same functional group . Have a same general formula . The molecular formula of a neighbouring compound in a homologous series differ by CH2 unit . Share similar chemical properties. . Physical properties, show trends down the series (e.g. the bigger a molecule, the higher its boiling point will be)

It has molecules in which all carbon-carbon bonds are you single bonds

Has molecules in which one or more carbon-carbon bonds are not single bonds

. Carboxylic acids . Alkanes (only contain single bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms, no functional group) . Alkenes . Esters . Alcohols

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula, but there structural formulae are different. Structural isomers can be hard to spot

. Carbons could be arranged differently- as a street chain or branched for example . They have similar chemical properties but their physical properties will be different because of change in shape of molecule

. Arrangement of carbon atoms could be the same and isomers could have the same functional group, but functional group could be attached to a different carbon atom . Have different physical properties

A solid fuel made from carbon

A mixture of gases, which forms underground, mostly made up of methane

A mixture of lots of different hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons found in petroleum are mostly alkanes

Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only

• Petroleum can be separated out into fractions - more useful mixtures containing groups of hydrocarbons of similar lengths • Different fractions and petroleum are separated by fractional distillation petroleum is heated until most of it has to into gas - discuss enters a fractionating column • In the column, there’s a temperature gradient • Longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points. They can dance and run out of the column early on, near the bottom. The shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points - the condense and drain out much later on, near the top of column, where its cooler • Petroleum mixture separated out into a different fractions, it’s fraction contains a mixture of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points and relative molecular masses

Used for heating and cooking

Used as fuel in cars

Chemical feedstock

Used as jet fuel

Used as a fuel in diesel engines

Fuel large ships and heat homes

Used to make lubricants, waxes and polishes

For making roads

Chain length of the hydrocarbon fractions decreases as you go further up the column.