4.1.1 Basics of Organic Chemistry
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What does nomenclature mean?
The system used for naming organic compounds
What does the term empirical formula mean?
Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule
What does the term molecular formula mean?
It provides the actual number of atoms of different elements in a molecule
What does the term displayed formula mean?
It shows every atom and every bond in a molecule
What does the term structural formula mean?
It shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing every bond
Define skeletal formula
A type of formula which is drawn as lines with each vertex being a carbon atom. Carbon atoms not drawn, assumed each C atom has all unspecified bonds as C-H
Define homologous series
A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
What is a functional group?
A group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions of a compound
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
Hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a straight line or branched chain
What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?
Hydrocarbon arranged in non aromatic rings with or without side chains
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
Hydrocarbon that contains at least one benzene ring
Give the suffixes for: a) No double bonds b) A least one double bond c) An Alcohol d) An aldehyde e) A ketone f) A carboxylic acid
a) No double bonds -ane b) A least one double bond -ene c) An Alcohol -ol d) An aldehyde -al e) A ketone -one f) A carboxylic acid -oic acid
Give the prefixes for: a) CH3 group b) C2H5 group c) C3H7 group d) C4H9 group e) Cl group f) Br group g) I group
a) CH3 group Methyl- b) C2H5 group Ethyl- c) C3H7 group Propyl- d) C4H9 group Butyl- e) Cl group Chloro- f) Br group Bromo- g) I group Iodo-
What is the general formula of alkanes?
Cn H2n+2
What is the general formula of alkenes?
Cn H2n
What is the general formula of alcohols?
Cn H2n+1 OH
What does saturated mean?
Organic compounds which only contain single bonds
What are unsaturated compounds?
Organic compounds that contain atleast one carbon carbon double covalent bond
Define structural isomerism
When molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
What are the 3 ways in which structural isomers can be formed?
• Alkyl groups can be in different places • Functional groups can be bonded to different parts • There can be different functional groups
What are stereoisomers?
Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but have different arrangement of atoms in space
What is E-Z isomerism and how are the E and Z isomers decided?
E-Z isomerism is caused by the limited rotation about the C=C double bonds. If the two substituents with the highest molecular mass are on the same side of the double bond, it is the Z (zusammen) isomer If they are on different sides, it is the E (entgegen) isomer
What is Cis-trans isomerism?
Special type of E/Z isomerism where the two substituents on each carbon atom are the same
What is homolytic fission?
It happens when each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals