Introduction to Organics
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What is organic chemistry?
The study of the structure, composition, properties, preparation and reactions of chemical compounds of carbon
What is catenation?
An elements ability to form bonds with atoms of the same element
What is the ability of an element to form bonds with atoms of the same element called?
Catenation
Describe the valency of carbon.
Tetravalency
Why does catenation occur so readily in carbon? 3
C is a relatively small atom Forms covalent bonds The C-C bond is strong
What is the molecular formula, what does it express?
It expresses the number and type of atoms in a molecule
What is the structural formula, what does it express?
It indicates how the atoms are arranged
How do you use the full Lewis dot structure? 2
Bonds are indicated by dots Lone pairs are indicated by dots Eg. __..__ H:O:H __..__
How do you use the Half Lewis dot structure? 2
Bonds are indicated by lines Lone pairs are indicated by dots
What is a full displayed formula? 2
Half Lewis Structure Bond angles are displayed
What is a skeletal formula? 4
Lines depict bonds C and H atoms are not shown End of each line segment is a C atom Multiple lines represent multiple bonds
What does a pair of two parallel lines in a skeletal structure indicate?
It indicates a double bond
What does three sets of parallel lines in a skeletal structure indicate?
It indicates a triple bond
What are the benefits of 3D structures? 3
They include information on the bond angles They show the shape of the molecule They display the possibility of isomers and stereoisomers
In a 3D structure what is represented by a solid wedge?
Atoms above the plane of the page
In a 3D structure what is represented by a hashed wedge?
Atoms below the plane of the page
What are the disadvantages of 2D structures? 2
It takes time to draw correctly It’s a poor representation of geometry
What determines the properties and reactions of a molecule?
The type of bond between atoms within the molecule
What does the type of bonds in a molecule depend on?
The location of electrons in that bond
Why do atoms form bonds?
Because the product formed is more stable than the isolated atoms
What are the two types of bonds?
Ionic bonding Covalent bonding
What is ionic bonding?
Where positively and negatively charged ions (cations/anions) are held together by electrostatic forces of attraction (oppositely charged species attract)
What is covalent bonding?
This is where electron pairs are shared 50-50 between atoms
Why can bonds not be 100% ionic?
Because there is always some sharing of electrons between atoms e.g 80% ionic and 20% covalent