3.13 - Amino Acids, Proteins & DNA
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Why do some enzymes require Organic co-factors?
Form weak intermolecular forces to the active site & aid in catalysis
Why are enzymes Specific?
They act upon Particular Substrates
Define: Isoelectric point
pH at which a molecule has no net electrical charge
How are Peptide links formed?
Condensation reaction between Amino Acids
What is the Secondary structure of Proteins held together by?
Hydrogen Bonding
Reagents: Acid Hydrolysis of Peptides
HCl(aq) Diluted Strong Acid
Conditions: Acid Hydrolysis of Peptides
Reflux
What is the Primary structure of Proteins held together by?
Strong Covalent Bonds
Amino Acids Dissolve well in ____ but poorly in ____ solvents?
Water Non-polar
How can the Side Effects of Cisplatin be Reduced?
|> Using very low dosages |> Targeting delivery of the drug directly to the cancer cells
a β-pleated sheet has a ____ arrangement of the ____ backbone?
Planar Arrangement Polypeptide Backbone
What are Genes?
Sections of DNA that holds the code for the amino acid sequence for certain proteins
What is the Lock & Key hypothesis?
That only One Substrate can Bind to One Enzyme due to its Specific shape
How can the Secondary structure of a Protein be disrupted?
|> Gentle Heating |> Changes in pH
Reagents: Alkaline Hydrolysis of Peptides
NaOH(aq) Moderately Concentrated Base
What is a Co-factor?
Molecules required by certain Enzymes to carry out Catalysis
Define: Hydrolysis
Breaking of a Bond using Water
In the Condensation reaction between 2-deoxyribose & the organic base, ____ is eliminated?
Water
Why do different Amino Acids have different Polarities?
Have different Side chains
How can Strand Separation occur without breaking the Polynucleotide chain?
Hydrogen bonds between Strands are Much weaker than the Covalent bonds between Nucleotides
What is an Inhibitor?
A molecule w/ a similar Shape to the Substrate which makes similar interactions w/ the active site, Preventing the Subtrate from Binding
What does Hydrogen Bonding in the Secondary Structure occur between?
The NH of one Peptide link & the C=O of an adjacent Peptide link
What is DNA?
a Polymer of Four Different Nucleotides that contains the Genetic information of an organism
Base Pairings of DNA?
A-T & G-C