Forest Resources
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What resources can be sourced from forests?
• Timber • Fuel (cooking). • Foods (Fodder for livestock, coffee, cacao, bananas). • Fibres (paper from pulpea wood, cotton). • Medicines (quinine from cinchona tree, aspirin from willow tree).
The importance of forests: Atmospheric regulations.
• Photosynthesis and respiration regulate CO2 and O2. • Reservoirs of carbon. • Carbon sequestration.
The importance of forests: Habitat and Wildlife Refuge.
• Each species of tree supports own unique community of species. • High biodiversity. • Creates variations in abiotic conditions.
The importance of forests: Regulation of the water cycle.
• Transpiration rates greater than other ecosystems. • Interception via foliage increases evaporation, reduces infiltration, reduces soil erosion.
The importance of forests: Climate regulation
High humidity = amphibians survive. Canopy absorbs lots of solar insolation, plants below get less light.
The importance of forests: Soil conservation
• Dead organic matter = humus and nutrients for soil. • Trees help soil from being washed away. • Humus binds soil together. • Trees and leaf litter reduce wind velocity and raindrop erosion.
The importance of forests: shelter and a microclimate
• Trees shelter from wind velocity. • Plants use animals for dispersal of seeds + pollination.
The importance of forests: recreation and amenity use
• Walking • Orienteering. • Cycling • Camping • Educational activities.
Differences between natural forests and plantations.
• More light (N), temp will be warmer (N), more ground vegetation (N). (ABIOTIC) • Higher biodiversity (N), more niches (N), many species of trees (N) (BIOTIC)
What factors will influence the choice of species for forest plantations?
• Growth rates • Resistance to pests • Ability to grow in certain soils • Ability to survive climate conditions. • Demand for particular products.
What is a tree grown in the UK that is good?
Sitka Spruce - 25% of UK forest made up of it. - Not native (comes from Canada). - Very fast grower. - Few pests in this country for the spruce.
How is growth of non-indigenous species used to increase productivity? What’s its impact on biodiversity?
• Better adapted to environmental conditions so less likely to suffer from disease and pests. • Live longer. • Less likely to support indigenous species due to inter-species needs not being met. LOWERS.
How are monocultures used to increase productivity? What’s its impact on biodiversity?
• Makes it easier to manage a plantation as thinning, planting, and felling can be carried out over a large area without harming other species. • Wildlife that rely on many species of tree will avoid this area. LOWERS.
How is close planting used to increase productivity? What’s its impact on biodiversity?
• Makes trees grow tall and straight. No competition from other plants. • Inhibits growth of other plants and species that depend on them will decrease. LOWERS
How are simple age structures used to increase productivity? What’s its impact on biodiversity?
• Will be similar sizes and age so need similar management. Can all be harvested at the same time. • Reduces variety of abiotic factors and niches. LOWERS.
What are some cause and effects of deforestation?
CAUSE - Agriculture - Urbanisation - Fuel - Timber resources (mahogany). - Livestock fodder. EFFECT - Loss of forest resources. - Reduced biodiversity + fragmentation. - Reduced interception + transpiration.
What is the maximum sustainable yield (MSY)?
The maximum level at which a natural resource can be routinely exploited without long-term depletion.
How can mixed species plantations increase the sustainability of forestry?
• Range of species increases variety of resources for other species. • Greater range of inter-species relationships/niches. • Increases biodiversity. DRAWBACK Only works if there is no demand for a specific product from a particular tree.
How can indigenous species plantations increase the sustainability of forestry?
• Provide food. • Provide habitats for other native species. • Suits microclimate. DRAWBACK - Slower growth - Not right type of wood.
How can mixed aged structure plantations increase sustainability of forestry?
• Allows variety of niches. • Different niches have different abiotic factors.
How can selective logging increase sustainability of forestry?
TECHNIQUES - Horse drawn sledges to create paths instead of machinery. - Heli logging -> reduces need for roads. Timber can be transported down a river before being picked up. TREES TO AVOID - Ones with lots of wildlife. - Young trees of desired species. - Some mature trees to provide seeds for future. - Trees along streams/rivers.