Bonding
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Ionic
electrons transfered from one atom to the other to fill the valence shells
Covalent
electrons are shared between atoms to fill both valence shells
The first three quantum number: n,l, m describe the ____, shape, number and _______ an element possesses.
size, orientation of atomic orbitals
Principal Quantum Number, n
energy level of a given electron in an atom, measure of size smaller the number, clsoer to the shell and lower its energy
Azimuthal Quantum Number, l
subshells, range from 0 to n-1 energy increases as l increases
l = 0,1,2,3 corrisponds to
s,p, d, and f subshells respectively
Magnetic quantum number, ml
within each subshell lies orbitals range from -l to l for a given subshell (l)
s orbital
spherical and symmetrical around the nucleus
p orbital
two lobes located about the nucleus and contains a node x, y and z axis is how it can be positioned -1 0 and 1 are its possibilities as l = 1
node
area where probability of finding an electron is 0
d orbital
4 symetrical lobes and contains 2 nodes 4 of the orbitals are clover shaped and the fifth is a donut wrapped around the center of a p orbital
Spin QUantum Number, ms
each orbital holds 2 electrons that are distinguished by +/- 1/2
Molecular orbitals
when two atomic orbitals combine, obtained by adding/subtracting the wave functions of atomic orbitals
Bonding Orbital
if signs of the wave functions of atomic orbitals are the same low energy, more stable
Antibonding Orbital
if signs of the wave functions of atomic orbitals are different less stable, high energy
Sigma Bond
molecular orbital formed by head-head or tail-tail overlap all single bonds and accomodate 2 electrons free rotation
Pi Bond
when two p-orbitals line up in parallel (side by side) and electron clouds overlap 1 in double bonds, 2 in triple bonds lock atoms in position
It is important to remember pi bonds cannot form without the existance of a_____ . Individual pi bonds are ___ than sigma bonds in strength, hence it is possible to break one bond and leave a single bond in tact.
sigma bond weaker
Hybrid Orbitals/sp3
formed by mixing different types of orbitals aka s and p orbitals to make equivalent sp orbitals seen in carbon to create equivalent electron bonds
How much s character is in a sp^3 orbital?
1 s , 3 ps or 25% s and 75% p
sp2 hybridization
1s with 2 p 33% s and 66% p seen in alkenes, the third p is un-hybridized and participates in pi bond while the hybridized bonds form the sigma 120 degrees apart
sp hybridization
in triple bonds, 2 p orbitals are needed to form the pi bond and the thrid p combines with s to form two sp orbitals 50-50 character 180 degrees apart
Resonance
occurs in molecules that have conjugated bonds true form is the hybrid of resonance structures, the true electron density will favor the more stable form of resonance structures
Conjugation
altering single and multiple bonds as it aligns unybridized p orbitals down the backbone of the molecule