ionic and covalent bonding

A metal atom always loses electrons to obtain a full outermost shell of electrons. In doing so, it ends up with more positive protons than negative electrons. This means that the overall charge on the particle becomes positive. As the particle is no longer neutral, we no longer call it an atom; we now call it an ion. Positive ions are called cations.

When non-metals gain electrons to become ions, the ending of their names also changes forming a anion

ionic bonding is a giant lattice of strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. between metals and non metals

high melting points- requires a lot of energy to break bonds good electrical conductivity when aqueous or molten and poor when solid

is formed when a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms leading to noble gas electronic configurations.

is an atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge

firstly all metals have a positive charge group 1- +1 group 2- +2 transtion metals- changes group 3- +3 (only aluminium and galium) group 4- transtion metals group 5- -3 group 6- -2 group 7- -1 group 8- 0

low melting and boiling points because attraction between molecules is low, doesnt take lots of energy to break up lattice, weak intermolecular forces insoluble in water donot conduct electricity because they are no charge particles

structure made up of millions of atoms joined together by strong covalent bonds, diamond graphite and silicon dioxide

has strong covalent bonds but weak intermoleculer forces

tetrahedral shape, centre atom froms 4 bonds, strong covalent bonds

centre atom forms 4 bonds, strong covalent bonds, tetahedral shape

have high melting points and doesnt conduct electricity because each atom is held in place by 4 strong covalent bonds, which needs lots of energy to break

conducts electricity and is soft because sheets can slide over each other because they are held by weak intermolecular forces, and because carbon atoms has four electrons but forms nly 3 bonds, so one electron is free to move carrying charge

graphite is used for pencil lead, beause of dark color and because is soft diamond and silicon dioxide are used for edge wheels and cutting stone and as jewlery, because very hard and require hgih energy to break bonds