Exam 3 Part 3
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Define Gross Energy. How is GE measured?
Gross energy is the amount of heat produced by the oxidation of a feed. It is measured in calories and kilocalories
What is fecal energy composed of?
It is composed of indigestible fibre
Define Digestible Energy. How is it measured?
Digestible Energy is the amount of energy that is resulted from the removal of fecal energy from gross energy. It is measured in TDN
What does TDN stand for? How is TDN calculated?
TDN stands for Total Digestible Nutrients.
Define Metabolizable Energy. How is it measured?
Metabolizable Energy is the amount of energy resulting from removing urinary and gaseous energy from digestible energy.
What is Net Energy used for in animals?
• Basal metabolism (Energy needed when the body is at rest) • Maintenance requirements • Lactation • Growth, Reproduction, Fattening, Exercise
Describe Heat of Fermentation and Heat Increment
Heat Increment refers to the increased production of heat following the consumption of food. Heat of fermentation, which is in the forestomach of ruminants as well as the large intestine.
What activities are included in Basal Metabolism? What can affect it?
Activities include: breathing, cell production, circulation, and nutrient processing. Affected by: age, gender, species, breed
Define Maintenance Requirement. What can affect it?
Maintenance requirement is the amount of energy needed for basic movement and digestion. Affected by: age, activity, environmental conditions, weight, and breed
Compare and contrast dietary energy losses between cows (a ruminant) and pigs (a monogastric)
A cow would lose much more energy than a pig in fecal energy and would overall retain less energy. The biggest loss for a pig would be the loss from metabolizable energy into net energy.
Forage is a feed high in structural CH2O. Which type of CH2O is a structural fibre?
Cellulose is a type of CH2O that is a structural fibre.
How do C3 and C4 grasses differ?
C4 grasses can survive more drought like climates than C4 and are therefore more advantageous.
Why are legumes higher in CP than grasses?
The bacteria in root modules of legumes fix nitrogen
What are two factors to consider when considering the best time to harvest?
Two factors to consider when considering are Dry Matter and Digestibility
When is the optimal time to harvest forages?
The optimal time to harvest forages is between the pre bud and budding phase of legumes and between the boot and heading phase of grass. When they are in the middle of peak Dry Matter and peak Digestibility
What are three reasons why antibiotics could be fed to animals?
1) Disease Prevention 2) Disease Curing 3) Growth
Why is it desirable to decrease the usage of antibiotics in livestock? What other additives may be used in their place?
Prolong usage can decrease the effectiveness of antibiotics and increase the resistance of bacteria. Other additives that might be used are: probiotics, ionophores, coccidiostats, and/or melengestrol acetate
Which horses need the most protein?
The horses that need the most protein are Exercising Horses and Lactating Horses
What type of horse would need the most grain?
The type of horse that would require the most grain are High Exercising Horses.
Which type of horse would be fed a mostly hay diet?
Maintenance and Late Gestation Horses would be fed a mostly hay diet
What would a good source of fat be for a horse?
Corn Oil
List some common ingredients in a lactating dairy cow ration
Corn silage, Hay, Byproducts, Soybean Meal, Extra Vitamins
What are the 4 Rs of Rumination?
Regurgitate, Rechew, Re-salivate, Reswallow
How can a normal rumen pH be maintained through nutrition or feeding management?
Normal rumen pH levels can be maintained by regulating forage length, the amount of concentrates in a feed, the order of feeding, and the moisture content of a ration