1: Patricles And Mixtures
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What is a solution?
A mixture of a solute and a solvent that does not separate out.
What is a solute?
The substance being dissolved.
What is a solvent?
The liquid the solute is dissolving into.
What is a saturated solution?
A solution where no more solute will dissolve.
What is solubility?
The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.
What is solubility measured in?
Grams of solute per 100 grams of solvent.
How does temperature affect solubility?
Solubility of most solids increases as temperature increases.
What is a solubility curve?
A graph showing how much solute dissolves at various temperatures.
What happens when a solid is heated?
Its particles gain energy and vibrate more, causing it to melt.
What are the three states of matter?
Solids, liquids, and gases.
How do particles behave in a solid?
Strong forces hold particles close in fixed positions; they vibrate in place.
How do particles behave in a liquid?
Weaker forces allow particles to move freely but stay close together.
How do particles behave in a gas?
Weak forces allow particles to move far apart and randomly.
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration.
What happens during diffusion of bromine gas?
Bromine gas spreads slowly through the air due to random motion of particles.
What forms when ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride meet?
A white ring of ammonium chloride.
How can solubility be calculated?
Solubility = (mass of solid ÷ mass of water) × 100. In g/100g
What is the purpose of using a water bath in solubility experiments?
To ensure the solution reaches a specific temperature.
What does re-weighing the evaporating basin show?
The mass of the solid after evaporation.
What are the three subatomic particles?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
What charge does the nucleus have?
Positive, due to protons.
How is the mass number of an atom calculated?
Protons + neutrons.
What is an isotope?
Atoms with the same protons but different neutrons.
How is relative atomic mass calculated?
Multiply isotope mass by its abundance, sum, and divide by total abundance (usually 100).