Nutrition

Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur

• Structure! • H2O (polar) • Oxygen’s electronegativity (electron pull) makes it partially negative and hydrogen partially positive. • These opposing charges create a hydrogen bond between individual water molecules.

Cohesive behavior (+ adhesion) Transpiration pull Surface Tension Ability to moderate temperature High specific heat: 4.184J or 1C per gram/1 degree Celsius. Evaporative cooling Expansion upon freezing Versatility as a solvent Polar (hydrophilic) vs. Nonpolar (hydrophobic)

substance that causes an increase in the relative number of H+ ions in solution

substance that causes an increase in the relative number of OH- ions in solution

HCl and NaOH, reaction in water is not reversible.

H2CO3 and NH3, reaction in water is reversible (can reassociate H+ and OH- ions) Weak acids and bases can be used to regulate pH

the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles/liter pure water = 1/10,000,000 moles of hydrogen ions 0.0000001 mole per liter 10-7 mole per liter pH 7 neutral state

combinations of H+ donor and H+ acceptor forms of weak acids/bases H2CO3 (carbonic acid) -HCO3- (bicarbonate) used to regulate blood pH. Carbonic acid – bicarbonate buffering system

The ability to bond with 4 other atoms. Can create a wide variety of molecules. Structure influences function

branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds (organic)

Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon components Hydrocarbons can release a large amount of energy

arrangement of carbon atoms determines properties/functions Isomers structural, geometric (cis-trans), enantiomers

Involved in chemical reactions Hydroxyl Alcohols, i.e. ethanol Carboxyl Carboxylic acids, ie. Acetic acid Amino Amines, i.e. glycine Sulfhydryl Thiols, i.e. ethanethiol Phosphate Organic phosphates, i.e. glycerol phosphate Carbonyl Ketones, i.e. acetone Aldehydes,i.e. propanol

large molecule consisting of many identical/similar building blocks (monomers)

hydrolysis reaction Addition of H2O breaks bonds between monomers condensation/dehydration reactions Removal of H2O creates bonds between monomers to build dimers and polymers.

Each cell has thousands of different macromolecules They vary among cells of an organism, members of a population, and between species. Can built from a small set of monomers

(CH2O) hydroxyl and aldehyde/ketone group produce ring structure (alpha or beta)

formed through synthesis of 2 monosaccharide molecules by a glycosidic bond.

food storage starch (plants); glycogen (animals); alpha glycosidic bonds

cellulose: major structural molecule in plants (beta glycosidic bonds) chitin: modified polysaccharide, found in the exoskeleton of insects and cell walls of fungi.

Fats Oils Waxes

3 fatty acid joined to glycerol by an ester bond. Hydrophobic (nonpolar) CHO Lots of bonds = lots of stored energy saturated vs. unsaturated

Hydrogenation is the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds