Amount of Substance (P1, P2, P3)
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Define Ar, the relative atomic mass
The weighted average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account it’s naturally occurring isotopes, relative to 1/12 mass of an atom of carbon-12.
Define Mr, the relative molecular mass
The mass of a molecule compared to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.
What is the Avogadro constant? And how do you use it in a calcultaion?
6.022x10^23 Actual number of atoms = moles x Avogadro
Moles/Mass/Mr equation
Mass = Mr x Moles
Concentration Equation
Concentration = Moles/Volume
What is Boyle’s law?
The product of pressure and volume is a constant as long as temperature remians constant. Pressure x Volume = Constant
What is Charles’s law?
The volume is proportional to the temperature as long as the pressure remains constant. Volume ∝ Temperature Volume/Temperature = Constant
What is Gay-Lussac’s law?
The pressure is proportional to the temperature as long as the volume remains constant. Pressure ∝ Temperature Pressure/Temperature = Constant (Pressure x Volume)/Temperature = Constant for a fixed mass of gas
The ideal gas equation
Pressure x Volume = Number of moles x temperature x gas constant Pressure - Pa Volume - m3 Number of moles - n Temperature - K Gas Constant = 8.3 JK^-1 mol^-1
How do you convert from degrees celsius to kelvin?
+273
How do you calculate Empirical Formula?
• Find the masses of each element • Find the moles of each element • Find the simplest ratio
How do you calculate Molecular Formula?
Mr of compound/Empirical Formula’s Mr
Acid + Metal Oxide
Salt + Water
Acid + Metal Carbonate
Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Acid + Metal Hydroxide
Salt + Water
Acid + Metal
Salt + Hydrogen
Metal + Water
Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen
Atom Economy equation
Atom Economy % = (Mass of desired product/total mass of reactant) x100
What is atom economy?
The theoretical measure of the amount of reactants that end up as the desired product
Percentage Yield equation
Yield % = (Number of moles of a specified product/theoretical number of moles of this product) x 100 Moles can also be substituted for mass