Endocrine system L3
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Where are the adrenal glands and what are they made of?
Sit atop kidneys and have an inner adrenal medulla and outer adrenal cortex
What does the adrenal gland do?
Adrenal gland regulated in two ways… * Hypothalamus regulates adrenal medulla by direct nerve impulses from CNS
What happens when the hypothalamus uses ACTH-releasing hormone?
Anterior pituitary secretes ACTH - stimulates the adrenal cortex
What is the adrenal medulla used for?
For short-term stress response - secretes epinephrine (aka adrenaline) and norepinephrine - fight or flight!
What is the adrenal cortex used for?
For long-term stress response - produces glucocorticoids similar to cortisone and mineralocorticoids to regulate salt and water balance
What does glucocorticoids do?
• Cortisol promotes breakdown of muscle proteins to amino acids - liver then breaks the amino acids into glucose • Also promotes metabolism of fatty acids rather than carbohydrates - spares glucose • Both actions raise blood glucose level - high levels of cortisol can suppress immune system function over time
What does mineralocorticoids?
Aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium ions (Na+) and excrete potassium ions (K+)
What happens when blood sodium levels and blood pressure are low
kidneys secrete renin - effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is to raise blood pressure
What causes Addison’s disease?
Develops when adrenal cortex hyposecretes (secretes too little) hormones
What causes crushing’s syndrome?
Develops when adrenal cortex hypersecretes (secretes too much) cortisol