ethics
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A moral code that guides how an individual should behave
ethics - involves diverse human problems and perspectives, requiring openness to different moral and philosophical views - a philosophical and practical science studying the morality of human acts or conduct.
What types of problems does ethics address according to Timbreza?
logical (reasoning) epistemological (truth) cosmological (universe) ethical (morality) aesthetical (art and beauty) scientific (science)
true or false: Ethics can be connected to Morality
true
who viewed morality in difference perspectives
Donal harrington the different perspectives that morality can be viewed: as a law as inner convictions as love as personal growth as social transformation
Who came up with the nuances between ethos and morality
James gustafson (1974) ETHICS - theoretical prescriptions/ critiques - The nature of the good - The nature of human person - Criteria of judgement MORALITY - based on principles practiced by a particular community - Fundamental convictions of human agent - Character of moral agent - Situational analysis
Under the nuances between ethics and morality, define ethics
Theoretical prescriptions
Ethical relativism aka
Moral relativism
It is a school of ethics anchored on the principle that morality is relative to the norms of a particular culture
Ethical relativism - aka Moral relativism - ppl’s belief is greatly influenced by their culture - each society is challenged to preserve their cultural uniqueness and acknowledgment of cultural differences - not all ppl accepts the religion of others - a theory based on norms relative to a particular culture or society. ex: some cultures may accept certain acts and behaviors that are unacceptable to other cultures.
A philosophical movement that includes those who claim that an ideology or proposition is true if it works satisfactorily
Ethical Pragmatism - a philosophical approach or movement that began in the 1870s - if the idea works and brings good results, the the idea is true. if not, then it will be rejected - more of a theory knowledge, truth and meaning rather than morality [This idea says that something is true or good if it works well in real life. If a belief or action gives good results, then it’s considered right or true. If it doesn’t work or causes harm, then it’s probably not a good idea. It focuses more on what works in practice, not just what sounds good in theory. ex: If a new hospital rule helps more patients get treated faster and safely, then ethical pragmatism would say it’s a good and right rule—because it works.]
who coined the term “Pragmatism”
Charles Sanders Peirce - further developed by William James
Who are the 2 English philosopher that founded Ethical Utilitarnism
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) *the principal of utility formulated by Mill states that “actions are good insofar they tend to promote happiness, bad as they tend to produce unhappiness”
The school of ethics that states the rightness or wrongness of actions. Determined by their consequences.
Ethical utilitarianism
What are moral issues in medicine?
Ethical problems or concerns that arise in healthcare practice, often involving different opinions or beliefs. some ethical problems” Diversity – respecting different backgrounds, cultures, and beliefs. Decision making – choosing the best and most ethical care for patients. Compliance – following laws, rules, and medical standards. Governance – how healthcare institutions make fair and responsible policies.
Who contributes to the formation of moral issues
Philosophers Theologians Moralists
What are the 3 different procedures involved in genetic engineering
Genetic screening: - procedures whose main purpose is to screen, choose, and select the genes for proper detection of any genetic disease and other chromosomal malformations - usually done for the early diagnosis of diseases Genetic interventions: - techniques such as genetic control, therapy, and surgery - can now “intervene” in the biological process and “control” bad or defective genes - cosmetic surgery Stem-cell therapy: - a form of genetic engineering that makes use of stem cells to treat or prevent diseases
Name the ethical issue: It is considered illegal
Abortion
It is under what law that it is illegal to have abortion
Article II, section 12 of the 1987 Philippines constitution - it states that the state recognizes the sanctity of life and shall protect the life of the mother and the unborn from conception
When can abortion sometimes be considered necessary?
when the life of the mother is at risk
it is a practice of ending a life intentionally, usually in situations when the individual is terminally ill, to relieve him or her of pain and suffering.
Euthanasia - aka mercy killing - “eu” means well or good - “thanos” death
Who describes euthanasia as “the process of inducing the painless death of a person who is severely debilitated for reasons assumed to be merciful, either through voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary means.”
Herbert Hendin (2004)
What are the types of euthanasia
Voluntary: - gives consent to subject himself or herself to a painless death Non voluntary: - when the permission of the patient to perform the process is unavailable - deep comatose, or neonates born with significant and major birth defects Involuntary (no consent): - does not give his or her consent Active: - specific steps that may cause the patients death - injecting the patients with lethal substances Passive: - beholding medical treatment or life support which deliberately causes the patient’s death
It involves genetic manipulations that are perceived to be against moral standards set by the society.
Genetic Engineering - enable them to manipulate the genetic make-up of organisms
IVF
in vitro fertilization - aka laboratory fertilization - fertilizing an egg with sperm in a laboratory setting *faced controversy, especially from religious groups, for being seen as a deviation from natural fertilization.
it covers the philosophy of doing what is right
ethics