Molecular and Cellular Exam 1
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What is a hydroxyl group?
A standard molecular bonded to oxygen. The oxygen bonded to hydrogen Polar
What is a methyl group?
A standard molecule bonded to CH3 Nonpolar
What is a carbonyl group?
Two standard molecules bonded to carbon Carbon double bonded to oxygen Polar
What is a carboxyl group?
A standard molecule bonded to carbon Carbon bounded to OH and double bounded to oxygen Charged and ionizes to release H+. Acidic
What is an amino group?
A standard molecule bonded to nitrogen Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms Charged, accepts H+ to create ammonia (NH3+). Basic
What is a sulfhydryl group?
A standard molecule bonded to sulfur Sulfur bonding to hydrogen Polar
What is a phosphate group?
A standard molecule bonded to phosphate Phosphate bonded to oxygen, two OH and double bonded to one oxygen Charged, ionizes to release H+. Acidic
What is the unique property of liquid water?
Hydrogen bonds are constantly made, broken and remade
What is the unique property of gaseous water?
Water is heated the increased kinetic energy of water causes hydrogen bonds to break and water molecules escape into air as gas
What is the unique property of solid water?
Temperature is lowered and a crystalline structure is maintained
Why does solid water float on liquid water?
Hydrogen bonding in water causes solids to be less dense than liquids
What is the specific heat capacity of water?
Specific heat capacity refers to the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb in order to raise its temperature one degree Celsius
What is the heat of vaporization in regards to water?
The amount of energy required to change one gram of a liquid substance to gas
What is cohesion in water?
Water molecules at the liquid-gas interface stick together due to hydrogen bonding
What is surface tension in water?
Capacity of a substance to withstand being ruptured when placed under tension or stress
How does capillary action work?
Capillary action in a glass tube is caused by the adhesive forces exerted by the internal surface of the glass exceeding the cohesive forces between the water molecules themselves.
What is adhesion?
It is an attraction between water molecules and other molecules
What are the four macromolecules?
• Lipids • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Amino Acids
What element is essential to life and macromolecules?
Carbon
Why is carbon unique?
It can form covalent bonds with up to four different atoms This allows it to serve as the “backbone” for the macromolecules Each carbon has four electrons in the outer shell It forms four covalent bonds to “fill” the outer shell This allows it to achieve the “octet rule”
What is CH4?
Methane
What affects the function of molecules?
The shape or the geometry!
What are hydrocarbon rings?
Molecules with 5-6 carbon atoms that are single or double bonded to each other that form a ring **Nitrogen can replace carbon
What are isomers?
Molecules that have the same chemical formula but differ in placement/arrangement of atoms or types of bonds between atoms