Module 5. Plant Biotchnology
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Important contributions of plant biotechnology
• Increased crop yield • Improved crop quality • Reduced environmental impact • Disease resistance
What is the main advantage given by BT technology?
Significantly reduced the use of chemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers
Expression of this enzyme allows plants to move photosynthate more effectively and ultimately leads to the reduction in the amount of fertilizer used.
H+ pumping pyrophosphatase (plant proton pump)
Facilitated the development of crop with enhanced nutritional value, flavor, and shelf life, such as fruits, and vegetables with higher levels of vitamins, antioxidants, and other beneficial compounds.
Improved crop quality
Enabled the development of crops that require less water and fertilizer, and are more resistant to drought and other environmental stresses
Reduced environmental impact
Plant biotechnology has enabled the development of crops that are resistant to viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases reducing the need for chemical pesticides and preventing crop losses
Disease resistance
Methods of plant biotechnology
genetic engineering tissue culture marker assisted selection
This technique produces a duplicate of plants without the need for multiple seeds
tissue culture
Two techniques for plant tissue culture
protoplast isolation and somatic embryogenesis
Development of an embryo from a vegetative/somatic cells
somatic embryogenesis
Process of somatic embryogenesis
Selection of explant –> sterilization and cultivation of the selected explant in a culture medium –> formation of embryonic callus –> cell clumps form by multiplication –> formation of induced cells –> embryo differentiation –> mature embryo –> regenerated plantlets formation of regenerated plantlets from explants can be achieved via direct shoot germination
In this technique, DNA marker patterns can indicate if a plant has traits of interest such as resistance to a certain disease, maximum and more nutrient-rich yield, and survivability against harsh conditions.
Marker assisted selection (marker linked alleles/genes)
Examples of this application of plant biotechnology include virus-resistant squash and papaya varieties that are resistant to ringspot and mosaic viruses.
Disease and resistance
Genetically modified rice variety engineered to produce vitamin A to address problems of vitamin A deficiency (VAD).
golden rice
Genetic modification of plants have been improved to yield more nutritious variants and even better taste.
Improved nutrition
Biofuels composed of plant mass are referred to as ___ which makes use of the cellulose, non cellulosic polysaccharide, lignin, and compounds termed extractives of plants
lignocellulosic biomass (LB)
Lignocellulosic crops are optimized to have a more soluble characteristic for a more efficient conversion of sugars
biofuel and renewable energy production
Examples of lignocellulosic crops include
Miscanthus spp. Arundo donax Pennisetum purpureim