Thermodynamics

Enthalpy change when each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms gains one electron to form one mole of gaseous 1- ions

Enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms is produced from an element in its standard state

Enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous ions become hydrated

Enthalpy change when one mole of an ionic solid dissolves in an amount of water large enough so that the dissolved ions are seperated and do not interact with one another

Enthalpy change when one mole of covalent bonds is broken in the gaseous state

Enthalpy change when one mole of a solid ionic compound is formed from its constituent ions in the gas phase

Enthalpy change when one mole of a solid ionic compound is borken up into its constituent ions in the gas phase

Enthalpy change when one mole of liquid is turned into a gas

Enthalpy change when one mole of a solid is turned into a liquid

Ethalpy change when one mole of a substance is formed from its constituent elements with all elements in standard states

Enthalpy change when one mole of a substance undergoes complete combustion in oxygen with all substances in standard states

Enthalpy change when 1 mole of water is formed in a reaction between an acid and alkali under standard conditions

Enthalpy change when each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms gains one electron to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions

Ionic solution into its constituent dissolves ions with the gaseous ions pointing upwards towards the respective substances

Enthalpy of formation - start and normally x Atomisation of solid - to turn it into a gas Atomisation of gas - to turn it into a gaseous atom/s Ionisation enthalpy/ies of solid - gain a positive charge equal to standard charge Electron affinity/ies of gas - gain a negative charge equal to standard charge Enthalpy of formation - downwards arrow with negative value OR Enthalpy of dissociation - upwards arrow with positive value

Ions are perfect spheres

[1] O- repels the electron

[1] Oxide ions have a higher negative charge [2] Stronger attraction between oppositely charged ions

[1] Reacts with water

Disorder

The more disordered something is

J mol-1 k-1

Gas has the most entropy. The particles move rapidly & randomly. Solids have the least entropy. The particles vibrate in a fixed position.

Higher temperature means faster moving particles and so higher entropy