Metabolism, Efficient Metabolism And Enzymes

All the chemical reactions occurring in a living organism.

Catabolic Anabolic

Chemical reactions that break down large organic molecules into smaller ones with the release of energy Releases energy (ATP) Digestion

Chemical reactions that require energy to combine smaller particles into bigger ones Requires energy (ATP) Bone growth

Any substance in food that provides energy and is essential for growth and normal functioning

• ) Water • ) Carbohydrates • ) Lipids (fats) • ) Proteins • ) Minerals • ) Vitamins

ORGANIC: -molecules with carbon -can contain hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and Sulfur -carbohydrates, lipids and proteins INORGANIC: -molecules without carbon -some inorganic compounds have small amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) -water,minerals and vitamins

Main source of energy for cells. Carbs are broken down into simple sugars Monosaccharides: single unit sugars (glucose,fructose, galactose) Disaccharides: two simple sugars bonded (sucrose, maltose, lactose) Polysaccharides: many simple sugars bonded (starch, cellulose, glycogen)

Fats and oils that act as a secondary energy source. Lipids are broken down into 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules

Consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They are made up of over 100 amino acids (AA) Peptide bonds holds the amino acids together in a protein.

Medium for substances to dissolve into and take part in chemical reactions

Act as a cofactors for enzymes, form part of important metabolic substances (ATP)

Acts as a cofactor for metabolic reactions so normal cell function, growth and development can happen

Biological catalyst that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy without being consumed. They have unique structures that make them specific to a certain chemical reaction.

The amount of energy needed to break the bonds of reactant particles in a chemical reaction

A molecule that and enzyme acts upon Part of an enzyme that combines with the substrate

The resulting structure that is formed when an enzyme and a substrate combines

Where the enzyme acts as a key and the substrate acts as a lock. The enzyme is complementary to the substrate. They fit together exactly to form the enzyme substrate complex.

When an enzyme and substrate join together, they form weak bonds causing a change in the shape of the enzyme at the active site. This results in the enzyme and substrate adjusting their structure to be complementary.

Temperature pH Concentration of reactants and products Cofactors Coenzymes Inhibitors.

^temperature = ^ enzyme activity Enzymes function optimally between 30-40°C, if temperatures are above 45-50°C the enzymes become denatured and infected

Enzymes are sensitive to the pH and where the reaction is taking place. Changes inpH can result in ionisation of amino acids and molecules, changing the shape and structure of enzymes. This damages it’s function

CONCENTRATION OF REACTANTS: when enzymes concentration is increased, there will be more active sites for substrates to bind to. When substrate concentration is increased, there will be more contact with enzymes and an increase in rate of reaction until all enzymes are occupied. CONCENTRATION OF PRODUCTS: products must continuously be removed from the active site so other substrate can bind to the enzyme and increase rate of reaction.

Ions or inorganic (some can be organic) molecules required by enzymes to catalyse a chemical reaction. Cofactors change the shape of the active site to form a substrate-enzyme complex