green algea and land plants
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key traits among green algae and land plants
• chloroplast have Chlorophyll a and b and accessory pigment B-carotene • have similar arrangements (thylakoids) • cell walls, sperm and perosisomes have similar structure • starch as a storage product
no vascular plants
don’t have vascular tissue eg. mosses
seedless vascular plants
have vascular tissue but no seeds eg ferns
what do seedless vascular plants do to reproduce?
they make microscopic spores that are carried by the wind
a watertight barrier that coats above ground parts of plants and helps then resist drying
cuticle
encases spores and pollen from modern land plants and helps them resist drying
sporopollenim
spore producing structures
sporangia
the second major interval in the fossil record of land plants (475 MYA)
Silurian- Devonian explosion
what evolved in the Silurian- Devonian explosion? (416 MYA)
most major morphological innovations: stomata, vascular tissue, roots, leaves
the third interval in the fossil history of plants (359 MYA)
Carboniferous period
what was significant about the Carboniferous period?
• -> lots of lycophytes and horsetails( seedless vascular plants) • -> extensive coal-forming swamps
4th interval of land plant history(299 MYA)
gymnosperms abundant: both wet and dry environments blanketed with green plants for the first time
fifth interval in the history of land plants ( still occurring started 145 MYA)
angiosperms abundant (diversification of flowering plants)
what does the fact that land plants are monophyletic tell you?
there was only one successful transition from freshwater environments to land
what is backs up the statement: “vascular tissue evolved once?”
the fact that seedless vascular plants are paraphyletic, but the vascular plants as a whole are monophyletic
what’s so great about moving to land for plants?
more light and more Carbon dioxide!
an opening on a plants surrounded by a specialized guard cell
stomata
opening in a plant
pore
what were the three main problems for plants to be able to live on land?
• water loss • harmful UV light • ) transporting water with in plant
how did plants evolve to be resistant to harmful UVs?
they produce compounds called flavonoids to protect their DNA from damage ( made there own sunscreen!!)
the presence of—- in cell wall of water- conducting cells in considered the defining feature of vascular tissue
LIGNIN
advanced water-conducting cells
Tracheids
what do tracheostomy consist of?
• -> a thickened, lignin contains secondary wall • -> celluloid based primary wall • -> pits to flow from one tracheid to the next
what’s the difference between tracheid and vessel elements?
in a vessel element the pits are replaced by gaps (reduces resistance and makes water movement more efficient)